Life cycle carbon dioxide emissions of bike sharing in China: Production, operation, and recycling

Chen, Jingrui; Zhou, Dan; Zhao, Yue; Wu, Bohong; Wu, Tian

doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2020.105011

Cited by 57 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Moreover, in the baseline Parisian study, the average bike frame is considered made of aluminum, a material that is more harmful to the environment than steel. A steel bike emits 35kg of CO2 over its life cycle [49], while the personal aluminum bike in this study emits 212kg of CO2eq. Ceteris paribus, personal bikes made of steel can cut the carbon footprint of the mode by a factor three, to 3.5g of CO2eq/km.…”

Section: Environmental Comparison Between Micromobility Modesmentioning

confidence: 85%

Environmental performance of shared micromobility and personal alternatives using integrated modal LCA

Bortoli

2021

Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment

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The environmental performance of shared micromobility services compared to private alternatives has never been assessed using an integrated modal Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) relying on field data. Such an LCA is conducted on three shared micromobility services in Paris -bikes, second-generation e-scooters, and e-mopeds -and their private alternatives. Global warming potential, primary energy consumption, and the three endpoint damages are calculated. Sensitivity analyses on vehicle lifespan, shipping, servicing distance, and electricity mix are conducted. Electric micromobility ranks between active modes and personal ICE modes. Its impacts are globally driven by vehicle manufacturing. Ownership does not affect directly the environmental performance: the vehicle lifetime mileage does. Assessing the sole carbon footprint leads to biased environmental decision-making, as it is not correlated to the three damages: multicriteria LCA is mandatory to preserve the planet. Finally, a major change of paradigm is needed to eco-design modern transportation policies.

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Section: Environmental Comparison Between Micromobility Modesmentioning

confidence: 85%

Environmental performance of shared micromobility and personal alternatives using integrated modal LCA

Bortoli

2021

Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment

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“…The detailed analyses of shared bicycles on energy saving and emission reduction were discussed by scholars. Chen et al [11] aimed to use a life cycle carbon emission assessment to calculate an emission reduction threshold for the shared bicycle industry. The results showed that the whole lifecycle carbon footprint of one bike is 34.56 kg CO 2 .…”

Section: The Research On Carbon Emissions From Shared Bicyclesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Shared Bicycle Distribution Connected to Subway Line Considering Citizens’ Morning Peak Social Characteristics for Urban Low-Carbon Development

Zhang

Chen

2021

Sustainability

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The transport sector has produced numerous carbon emissions in China, and it is important to promote low carbon commuting. As an emerging mode of urban low-carbon transportation in China, shared bicycles have been used by more and more citizens on a daily basis, with advantages of green and low-carbon emissions to environment, flexibility for short trips, and convenience for covering the distance between the normal low-carbon transportation and destinations. However, the imbalanced distribution of shared bicycles along subway lines, especially during the morning peak hours, has directly restricted their performance in urban traffic. In this paper, an integer linear program model (ILPM) is proposed to obtain an optimal low-carbon distribution plan of shared bicycles connecting with the subway line (SBCSL) during the morning peak hours. First, an objective function is built to improve the carbon emission reduction of SBCSL. Second, constraint functions are extracted considering the quantity of bicycles to be distributed to the subway line as well as the distribution limits of each subway station. At last, a case study is conducted on the distribution of shared bicycles in Beijing Subway Line 13 of China during the morning peak hours. The results show that the ILPM is of significance to provide optimal distribution scheme of shared bicycles in subway line with different station types including office-oriented, residential-oriented, and hybrid-oriented stations.

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“…Besides this, frequent bike rebalancing could greatly increase fuel consumption of rebalancing vehicles [54]. Based on latest research results about OFO (company of bicycle sharing system) in China, the average number of times each bike was used per day was only 4.552, while the average riding distance was 0.356 km [55]. The period for scrapping shared bikes is 3 years based on Chinese regulation (https://m.askci.com/news/dxf/ 20170323/14113194057.shtml).…”

Section: Effects Of Total Number Of Bikes Provided In the Bike Sharing Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The number of bikes in the bike-share system needs further investigation based on the most updated research that analyzes the OFO in the context of China. Bike oversupply and low utilization as well as frequent overbalancing tasks may have significant effect on the comparison result, whereas the increase on ridership will greatly reduce the environmental impact of the campus bus system [28,55].…”

Section: Conclusion and Recommendationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Life-Cycle Assessment of Carbon Footprint of Bike-Share and Bus Systems in Campus Transit

Wang

Xie

et al. 2020

Sustainability

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Low-carbon transport system is desired for sustainable cities. The study aims to compare carbon footprint of two transportation modes in campus transit, bus and bike-share systems, using life-cycle assessment (LCA). A case study was conducted for the four-campus (College Ave, Cook/Douglass, Busch, Livingston) transit system at Rutgers University (New Brunswick, NJ). The life-cycle of two systems were disaggregated into four stages, namely, raw material acquisition and manufacture, transportation, operation and maintenance, and end-of-life. Three uncertain factors—fossil fuel type, number of bikes provided, and bus ridership—were set as variables for sensitivity analysis. Normalization method was used in two impact categories to analyze and compare environmental impacts. The results show that the majority of CO2 emission and energy consumption comes from the raw material stage (extraction and upstream production) of the bike-share system and the operation stage of the campus bus system. The CO2 emission and energy consumption of the current campus bus system are 46 and 13 times of that of the proposed bike-share system, respectively. Three uncertain factors can influence the results: (1) biodiesel can significantly reduce CO2 emission and energy consumption of the current campus bus system; (2) the increased number of bikes increases CO2 emission of the bike-share system; (3) the increase of bus ridership may result in similar impact between two systems. Finally, an alternative hybrid transit system is proposed that uses campus buses to connect four campuses and creates a bike-share system to satisfy travel demands within each campus. The hybrid system reaches the most environmentally friendly state when 70% passenger-miles provided by campus bus and 30% by bike-share system. Further research is needed to consider the uncertainty of biking behavior and travel choice in LCA. Applicable recommendations include increasing ridership of campus buses and building a bike-share in campus to support the current campus bus system. Other strategies such as increasing parking fees and improving biking environment can also be implemented to reduce automobile usage and encourage biking behavior.

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Life cycle carbon dioxide emissions of bike sharing in China: Production, operation, and recycling

Cited by 57 publications

References 11 publications

Environmental performance of shared micromobility and personal alternatives using integrated modal LCA

Environmental performance of shared micromobility and personal alternatives using integrated modal LCA

Shared Bicycle Distribution Connected to Subway Line Considering Citizens’ Morning Peak Social Characteristics for Urban Low-Carbon Development

Life-Cycle Assessment of Carbon Footprint of Bike-Share and Bus Systems in Campus Transit

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