Lidocaine transport through a cellophane membrane by alternating current iontophoresis with a duty cycle

Hayashi, Shizuka; Ogami, Saori; Shibaji, Takao; Umino, Masahiro

doi:10.1016/j.bioelechem.2008.11.007

Cited by 12 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Positively charge lidocaine ions would be similarly repelled during the positive phase of AC iontophoresis. Transport mechanism of the substance after the application of electric field can be explained by following (4) [10]:

\begin{matrix} J_{L} = J_{p} + J_{er} + J_{eo}, \end{matrix}

where J L is the mole flux of the substance L, J p is the passive flux, J er represents electrorepulsive contribution, and J eo depicts the electroosmotic flux. Therefore, both electrorepulsion and electroosmosis are the major mechanisms responsible for the delivery of lidocaine hydrochloride after AC and DC iontophoresis.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This may be due to the periodic polarity alteration during alternating current. It has also been reported that the driving force of the alternating current is less compared to that with application of direct current, due to periodic polarity alteration [10]. …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, DC iontophoresis may have some adverse effects including electrical burn as a result of electrode polarization during electrolysis. This adverse effect limits the duration time of DC iontophoresis to less than 15 min at current density of 1 mA/cm 2 [10]. A decrease in transport efficiency is also observed in DC iontophoresis with increasing duration of the electric application.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of Modulated Alternating and Direct Current Iontophoresis on Transdermal Delivery of Lidocaine Hydrochloride

Bhatia

Banga

2014

BioMed Research International

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The objective of this study was to investigate the iontophoretic delivery of lidocaine hydrochloride through porcine skin and to compare the effects of modulated alternating and direct current iontophoresis. Continuous and modulated iontophoresis was applied for one hour and two hours (0-1 h and 4-5th h) using a 1% w/v solution of lidocaine hydrochloride. Tape stripping was done to quantify the amount of drug permeated into stratum corneum and skin extraction studies were performed to determine the amount of drug in stripped skin. Receptor was sampled and analyzed over predefined time periods. The amount of lidocaine delivered across porcine skin after modulated direct current iontophoresis for 2 h was 1069.87 ± 120.03 μg/sq·cm compared to 744.81 ± 125.41 μg/sq·cm after modulated alternating current iontophoresis for 2 h. Modulated direct current iontophoresis also enhanced lidocaine delivery by twelvefold compared to passive delivery as 91.27 ± 18.71 μg/sq·cm of lidocaine was delivered after passive delivery. Modulated iontophoresis enhanced the delivery of lidocaine hydrochloride across porcine skin compared to the passive delivery. Modulated alternating current iontophoresis for duration of 2 h at frequency of 1 kHz was found to be comparable to the continuous direct current iontophoresis for 1 h.

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\begin{matrix} J_{L} = J_{p} + J_{er} + J_{eo}, \end{matrix}

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of Modulated Alternating and Direct Current Iontophoresis on Transdermal Delivery of Lidocaine Hydrochloride

Bhatia

Banga

2014

BioMed Research International

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“…These studies demonstrated that lidocaine transport depends on voltage, time, and frequency [25, 26]. Studies of electrical waveforms and electrodes have also been conducted [27, 28]. However, further studies are needed to provide safe and effective AC iontophoresis therapy.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect of Alternating Current Iontophoresis on Rats with the Chronic Constriction Injury to the Infraorbital Nerve

Yamazaki

Umino²,

Fukayama³

et al. 2012

International Journal of Dentistry

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This study aimed to examine the effect of AC iontophoresis on rats with the chronic constriction injury (CCI) to the infraorbital nerve by animal experiments. CCI model rats were divided into four groups, namely, rats that received general anesthesia for 60 min except AC IOP (CCI: n = 5), AC IOP with 0.9% physiological saline for 60 min (CCI + saline AC IOP: n = 5), AC IOP with 4% lidocaine hydrochloride for 60 min (CCI + lidocaine AC IOP: n = 5), and attachment of two electrodes soaked with 4% lidocaine hydrochloride to the facial skin for 60 min (CCI + attach lidocaine: n = 5). In the CCI + lidocaine AC IOP group, an elevated withdrawal threshold was observed after AC IOP, and the duration of efficacy was longer compared with that in the CCI + saline AC IOP and CCI + attached lidocaine groups. A significant decrease in the number of Fos-like immunoreactive (LI) cells was observed in the CCI + lidocaine AC IOP group compared with that in the CCI group. These findings suggest that the effect of CCI + lidocaine AC IOP group may be caused by active permeation of lidocaine into the facial skin and electrical stimulation of the trigeminal nucleus.

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“…Factors such as skin permeability and passive diffusion based on the concentration of the medication should be considered as well as the electro-repulsive components to determine the best method of clinical application of iontophoresis [1,9]. Although in vitro studies are effective in determining the ability of electrical current to enhance the diffusion across synthetic membranes [10], they do not consider the time that the medication is in contact with the skin that may affect the overall treatment outcome.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Duration and Amplitude of Direct Current when Lidocaine Is Delivered by Iontophoresis

Saliba

Teeter-Heyl²,

Ingeroll

et al. 2011

Pharmaceutics

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Dosage for the galvanic stimulation for iontophoresis varies. Clinicians manipulate the duration or the amplitude of the current, but it is not known which is more effective. We compared the anesthetic effect of lidocaine HCL (2%) by manipulating the current parameters on 21 healthy volunteers (age: 21.2 ± 4.2, height 170.7 ± 10.2 cm, mass 82.1 ± 19.2 kg). Three conditions were administered in a random order using a Phoresor II® with 2 mL, 2% lidocaine HCL in an iontophoresis electrode. (1) HASD (40 mA*min): High amplitude (4 mA), short duration (10 min); (2) LALD (40 mA.min): Low amplitude (2 mA), long duration (20 min); (3) Sham condition (0 mA, 20 min). Semmes-Weinstein monofilament (SWM) scores were taken pre and post intervention to measure sensation changes. Two-way ANOVA with repeated measures was used to compare sensation. Both iontophoresis treatments: LALD (4.2 ± 0.32 mm) and HASD (4.2 ± 0.52 mm) significantly increased SWM scores, indicating an increase in anesthesia, compared to the sham condition (3.6 ± 0.06 mm) p < 0.05. Neither LALD nor HASD was more effective and there was no difference in anesthesia with the sham. Lidocaine delivered via iontophoresis reduces cutaneous sensation. However, there was no benefit in either a HASD or LALD treatment.

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Lidocaine transport through a cellophane membrane by alternating current iontophoresis with a duty cycle

Cited by 12 publications

References 15 publications

Effect of Modulated Alternating and Direct Current Iontophoresis on Transdermal Delivery of Lidocaine Hydrochloride

Effect of Modulated Alternating and Direct Current Iontophoresis on Transdermal Delivery of Lidocaine Hydrochloride

The Effect of Alternating Current Iontophoresis on Rats with the Chronic Constriction Injury to the Infraorbital Nerve

Effect of Duration and Amplitude of Direct Current when Lidocaine Is Delivered by Iontophoresis

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