Lidar Determinations of Atmospheric Ice Crystal Layers at South Pole during Clear-Sky Precipitation

Smiley, Vern N.; Whitcomb, B. M.; Morley, Bruce; Warburton, J. A.

doi:10.1175/1520-0450(1980)019<1074:ldoaic>2.0.co;2

Cited by 23 publications

(13 citation statements)

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“…However, some measurements have been made in Antarctica using both remote sensing techniques and occasionally in situ methods. Several groups have used LIDAR to investigate cloud properties using ground-based instruments (Smiley et al 1977;Smiley 1980;Smiley et al 1980;Del Guasta et al 1993) and airborne instruments (Morley et al 1989). Other groups have used radiation measurements to infer microphysical properties, which include using ground-based interferometers (Mahesh et al 2001a, b) and balloon-borne radiometers (Stone 1993).…”

Section: Cloud Microphysical Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Antarctic clouds

Lachlan-Cope

2010

Polar Research

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Section: Cloud Microphysical Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…During the austral winter of 1975, Smiley et al (1980) operated a LIDAR at the South Pole. This instrument was not as advanced as the one used by Del Guasta et al (1993), and did not give any information on polarization.…”

Section: Cloud Microphysical Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antarctic clouds

Lachlan-Cope

2010

Polar Research

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“…Before discussing accumulation data, it is interesting to precise that the total ice phase precipitation occurring at the south pole consists of several components [Smiley et al, 1980] including ice.precipitation or snow from clouds, fallout of ice crystals formed in clear air (diamond dust) as studied by Miller and Schwerdtfeger [1972] and Kikuchi and Hogan [1979], and surface ice accumulated by deposition from the vapor state (hoarfrost). According to Dalrymple et al [1966], this last mechanism contributes only a small fraction of the total.…”

Section: Accumulation Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

Climatic information over the last century deduced from a detailed isotopic record in the south pole snow

Jouzel¹,

Merlivat²,

Petit³

et al. 1983

J. Geophys. Res.

144

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A continuous and very detailed deuterium profile was obtained from the analysis of about 900 firn samples from the south pole representing the snow accumulated over the last 100 years. Seasonal variations are well preserved in the firn, allowing the samples to be dated back to 1887 with an accuracy probably better than 5 years. This dating is consistent with the results of other independent methods, such as stratigraphic observations (back to 1927) and artificial β radioactivity and tritium measurements (back to 1955). The resulting mean annual accumulation over the 1887–1978 period is equal to 9.2 g cm−2. The value between 1887 and 1957 (9.5 g cm−2) is significantly higher (30% and 40%) than values previously obtained at the same site over comparable time spans. A decrease in annual snow accumulation is deduced from a comparison of the 1887–1930 and 1930–1978 periods (from 10.0 to 8.5 g cm−2). From a thorough examination of data relative to the very well documented 1957–1978 period, mean annual and maximum deuterium values and annual deuterium amplitude are shown to be correlated with the corresponding mean annual and summer temperatures and the annual temperature amplitude. The degree of correlation depends on the tropospheric level considered. On the other hand, winter temperature and deuterium minima are poorly correlated, which is attributable to the large temperature inversion during winter. Experimental temperature‐isotope (D and 18O) gradients are consistent with theoretical gradients, taking into account that snow formation is a nonequilibrium process. As a whole, this work is very encouraging for the use of stable isotopes as a tool for past temperature reconstruction over periods for which only weak variation are expected. This is applied over the 1887–1978 period to the mean annual, winter, and summer temperatures along with the annual temperature amplitude.

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“…Previous studies that focused on analysis of ice crystals at SPS have relied on collecting the crystals on glass slides or Formvar replicas and photographing them under a microscope (e.g., Shimizu 1963;Kikuchi 1970;Hogan 1975;Kikuchi and Hogan 1979;Ohtake 1978;Ohtake and Yogi 1979;Smiley et al 1980;Inoue et al 1984;Tape 1994;Walden et al 2003, hereinafter W03). Except for the more recent work by W03, all of these studies have sized and classified the crystals manually.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microphysical and Optical Properties of Atmospheric Ice Crystals at South Pole Station

Lawson

Baker

Zmarzly

et al. 2006

Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology

106

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In early February 2001 (during the austral summer), over 900 000 digital images of ice crystals were recorded at the South Pole using two ground-based cloud particle imagers (CPIs). Of these, 721 572 crystals Ͼ50 m were classified into crystal habits. When sorted by number, 30% of the crystals were rosette shaped (mixed-habit rosettes, platelike polycrystals, and rosette shapes with side planes), 45% were diamond dust (columns, thick plates, and plates), and 25% were irregular. When sorted by area, rosette shapes comprised 50%, diamond dust 30% and irregular 20%. By mass, the percentages were 57% rosette shapes, 23% diamond dust, and 20% irregular. Particle size distributions as a function of maximum dimension and equivalent radius are compared with previous studies. Particles are generally found to be slightly larger than previous austral wintertime studies. In 2002, a polar nephelometer (PN) that measures scattering phase function was incorporated with one of the CPIs. Correlated measurements between the two instruments showed that 22°and 46°peaks in the phase function were present when diamond dust was recorded by the CPI, but not when rosette shapes were present. Visual observations confirmed the presence of 22°and 46°a tmospheric halos in some, but not all, of the diamond dust events. No visual halos were observed when rosette shapes were precipitating. Average PN phase functions are presented for diamond dust and rosette shapes. The diamond dust and rosette-shaped ice crystals appear to be very similar in shape to those observed by CPIs in cirrus clouds. Cloud conditions at the South Pole that were associated with various crystal types are discussed, as are some effects of blowing snow.

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Lidar Determinations of Atmospheric Ice Crystal Layers at South Pole during Clear-Sky Precipitation

Cited by 23 publications

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Antarctic clouds

Antarctic clouds

Climatic information over the last century deduced from a detailed isotopic record in the south pole snow

Microphysical and Optical Properties of Atmospheric Ice Crystals at South Pole Station

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