LiCl-promoted-dehydration of fructose-based carbohydrates into 5-hydroxymethylfurfural in isopropanol

Abstract

Fructose-based carbohydrates can be dehydrated into HMF in the LiCl-promoted and i-PrOH mediated system efficiently.

Synthesis of Boron-Doped Phenolic Porous Carbon As Efficient Catalyst for the Dehydration of Fructose into 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural

“…The linear regression of the logarithm of the reaction rate constant ln K vs the reciprocal of temperature 1/ T was ploted according to the Arrhenius equation. The activation energy of the conversion of fructose into HMF by using the H2 catalyst was 55.8 kJ/mol (Figure S10), which was lower than other reported catalytic systems. − The results further indicated that the H2 catalyst showed higher catalytic efficiency and can more effectively catalyze the conversion reaction of fructose. The effective conversion of fructose into HMF catalyzed by the carbon-based catalyst demonstrated its great application potential.…”

A Hybrid Process for Valorization of d-Fructose to 2,5-Bis(hydroxymethyl)furan by Bridging Chemocatalysis and Biocatalysis in a Betaine:Benzenesulfonic Acid System

“…In methyl-isobutyl-ketone/2-butanol at 165 °C, d -fructose was catalyzed by solid acid TiO 2 -SO 3 H within 3 h, and the conversion rate of d -fructose was 99%, while the 5-HMF yield was 50% . Using LiCl and i -PrOH as catalysts at 130 °C, 9 g of d -fructose was dehydrated to 5-HMF (73% yield) after 2 h . Using Si-3-IL-HSO 4 as a catalyst and DMSO as an extractant, the conversion rate of d -fructose into 5-HMF reached 60% (130 °C, 1 h) .…”

“…In summary, the DES Bet:BSA was a better chemocatalyst and solvent for efficient catalysis of d -fructose to 5-HMF in a good yield after a short dehydration time (2 min) compared to choline chloride:boric acid, LiCl, ACS/ChCl-4-phenol, TiO 2 -SO 3 H, Nb 2 O 5 , Si-3-IL-HSO 4 , Lewatit K2420, CH 3 SO 3 H, and SBA-15-SO 3 H (Table ). ,− In addition, E. coli DCF containing a powerful reductase was constructed and employed to biologically catalyze 5-HMF.…”

“…41 Using sulfonated carbon-silica (SACS) as a catalyst and ChCl:4phenol as a stabilizer for D-fructose dehydration at 110 °C, 5-HMF was obtained in a selectivity of 100% and a yield of 67% within 4 h. 42 In methyl-isobutyl-ketone/2-butanol at 165 °C, Dfructose was catalyzed by solid acid TiO 2 -SO 3 H within 3 h, and the conversion rate of D-fructose was 99%, while the 5-HMF yield was 50%. 43 Using LiCl and i-PrOH as catalysts at 130 °C, 9 g of D-fructose was dehydrated to 5-HMF (73% yield) after 2 h. 44 Using Si-3-IL-HSO 4 as a catalyst and DMSO as an extractant, the conversion rate of D-fructose into 5-HMF reached 60% (130 °C, 1 h). 45 Using Lewatit K2420 as a catalyst and hexafluoroisopropanol as an extractant for D-fructose dehydration at 120 °C, 5-HMF was obtained in a yield of 76% after 1.5 h. 46 In the mixture of dioxane, deionized water, NaCl, and CH 3 SO 3 H at 110 °C, D-fructose was catalyzed to 5-HMF in a yield of 76% after 2.5 h. 47 Using SBA-15-SO 3 H (0.2 g) as a catalyst and γ-valerolactone as an extractant at 120 °C, 0.1 g of Dfructose was dehydrated to 5-HMF (58% yield) after 1 h. 48 Obviously, D-fructose could be efficiently converted to 5-HMF in 2 min by a one-step method using the DES Bet:BSA as a catalyst.…”

Organocatalytic Dehydration of Fructose-Based Carbohydrates into 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural in the Presence of a Neutral Inner Salt

“…Herein, in continuation of our work on green catalytic production of HMF, − we have explored imidazolium- and pyridinium -based zwitterionic-type molten salts, viz., inner salts, as a new class of neutral organocatalysts in the dehydration of fructose-based carbohydrates into HMF. These requisite zwitterionic-type inner salts have been designed and prepared to elucidate the cooperation of the cation and anion.…”