Licking Behavior in the Rat: Measurement and Situational Control of Licking Frequency

Weijnen, J.A.W.M.

doi:10.1016/s0149-7634(98)00003-7

Cited by 91 publications

(81 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“…One caveat to this interpretation is that for Experiment 2 we used a different apparatus, in which the spout was recessed about 5 mm more than in the lickometer used in Experiment 1. It is plausible that rats in Experiment 2 had less freedom to control lick volume because the longer tongue protrusion requirements diminished their ability to extrude larger drops from the spout (e.g., Weijnen, 1998). To test this hypothesis, we used the same procedures as those for the LiCl-LiCl group in Experiment 2 to expose 4 naive rats (278 Ϯ 4 g) to 0.12 M LiCl, with the modification that rats were tested for 2 consecutive LiCl days.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Temporal and Qualitative Dynamics of Conditioned Taste Aversion Processing: Combined Generalization Testing and Licking Microstructure Analysis.

Baird

John

Nguyen

2005

Behavioral Neuroscience

133

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The pattern of licking microstructure during various phases of a conditioned taste aversion (CTA) was evaluated. In Experiment 1, rats ingested lithium chloride (LiCl) for 3 trials and were then offered sodium chloride (NaCl) or sucrose on 3 trials. A CTA to LiCl developed and generalized to NaCl but not to sucrose. CTA intake suppression was characterized by reductions in burst size, average ingestion rate, and intraburst lick rate, and increases in brief pauses and burst counts. Compared with previous studies, LiCl licking shifted from a pattern initially matching that for normally accepted NaCl to one matching licking for normally avoided quinine hydrochloride by the end of the 1st acquisition trial. In Experiment 2, a novel paradigm was developed to show that rats expressed CTA generalization within 9 min of their first LiCl access. These results suggest that licking microstructure analysis can be used to assay changes in hedonic evaluation caused by treatments that produce aversive states.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Temporal and Qualitative Dynamics of Conditioned Taste Aversion Processing: Combined Generalization Testing and Licking Microstructure Analysis.

Baird

John

Nguyen

2005

Behavioral Neuroscience

133

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“…They differ in the exact time of activation during the tongue protrusion/retraction cycle and precautions in the use of each type of sensor need to be taken. Weijnen and Mendelson (1977) and Weijnen (1977Weijnen ( , 1989Weijnen ( , 1998 has published several excellent articles and reviews outlining the advantages and disadvantages of each type of lickometer. One method involves incorporating a miniature strain gauge in the drinking spout so that the pressure of each lick can be recorded (Vrtunski and Wolin, 1974).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Licking in rodents has typically been measured with "lickometers" utilizing either electrical, optical or force sensors (for review, see Weijnen, 1998). Electric sensors are most commonly used, and typically depend on a high-frequency ac contact circuit.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A low-cost solution to measure mouse licking in an electrophysiological setup with a standard analog-to-digital converter

Hayar

Bryant

Boughter

et al. 2006

Journal of Neuroscience Methods

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Licking behavior in rodents is widely used to determine fluid consumption in various behavioral contexts and is a typical example of rhythmic movement controlled by internal pattern-generating mechanisms. The measurement of licking behavior by commercially available instruments is based on either tongue protrusion interrupting a light beam or on an electrical signal generated by the tongue touching a metal spout. We report here that licking behavior can be measured with high temporal precision by simply connecting a metal sipper tube to the input of a standard analog/digital (A/D) converter and connecting the animal to ground (via a metal cage floor). The signal produced by a single lick consists of a 100-800 mV dc voltage step, which reflects the metal-to-water junction potential and persists for the duration of the tongue-spout contact. This method does not produce any significant electrical artifacts and can be combined with electrophysiological measurements of single unit activity from neurons involved in the control of the licking behavior.

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“…If very low tongue currents are required, alternative circuits that use currents that are an order of magnitude lower than those used by the present circuit are available (see, e.g., Taylor-Burds, Westburg, Wifall, & Delay, 2004, or e-mail: ross@diloginstruments.com), and 60 Hz can be controlled by using electrostatic shielding. Weijnen (1977Weijnen ( , 1989Weijnen ( , 1998 has provided helpful descriptions of many of the factors that should be considered when selecting a drinkometer circuit. …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A high-sensitivity drinkometer circuit with 60-Hz filtering

Overton¹,

Overton

2007

Behav Res

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Licking Behavior in the Rat: Measurement and Situational Control of Licking Frequency

Cited by 91 publications

References 57 publications

Temporal and Qualitative Dynamics of Conditioned Taste Aversion Processing: Combined Generalization Testing and Licking Microstructure Analysis.

Temporal and Qualitative Dynamics of Conditioned Taste Aversion Processing: Combined Generalization Testing and Licking Microstructure Analysis.

A low-cost solution to measure mouse licking in an electrophysiological setup with a standard analog-to-digital converter

A high-sensitivity drinkometer circuit with 60-Hz filtering

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