Liberation of H+, Al+++ and Fe+++ ions from pure clay minerals on repeated salt treatment and desaturations

Mukherjee, J. N.; Chatterjee, B. B.; Ray, Anjan

doi:10.1016/0095-8522(48)90070-1

Cited by 14 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…The analyses of the NaCI supernatant may show the effect of the anion, CI-. Mukherjee et al (1947Mukherjee et al ( , 1948 showed that salt solutions liberated H +, AP +, and Fe z+ ions from H-clays in an open system. Apparently the prior acid treatment removed some silica, and so alumina became available for reaction with the salt solution.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The sea water was collected in the Florida Straits and was given to the authors for experimental purposes by Preston E. Cloud, Jr. The salt solution was included in the experiments because Mukherjee et al (1947Mukherjee et al ( , 1948 had reported that silica, alumina, and iron were removed from the H-forms of clay minerals by leaching with a salt solution. Sea water was used so that the effects of a simple electrolyte and a polyelectrolyte could be compared, and also the removal of SiOz and 321 322 D. CARROLL and H. C. STARKEY A1203 from clay minerals by sea water could be assessed.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Reactivity of Clay Minerals With Acids and Alkalies

Carroll

1971

Clays and clay miner.

132

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Abstract--One-g samples of a montmorillonite, a metabentonite, an illite, two kaolinites, and three halloysites were treated with 50 ml of hydrochloric acid (6-45 N, 1 : 1), acetic acid (4.5 N, 1 : 3), sodium hydroxide (2.8N), sodium chloride solution (pH 6.10; Na = 35%0; C1 = 21.5% 0), and natural sea water (pH 7.85; Na = 35.5%o; CI = 21.5%o) for a 10-day period in stoppered plastic vials. The supernatant solutions were removed from the clay minerals and analyzed for SiO2, A1203, CaO, MgO, Na~20, and K20. All the solutions removed some SiO2, A1~O3, and Fe203 from the samples, but the quantities were small. Sodium hydroxide attacked the kaolin group minerals more strongly than it did montmorillonite, metabentonite, or illite. Halloysite was more strongly attacked by hydrochloric acid than was any of the other experimental minerals. Hydrochloric acid removed iron oxide coatings from soil clay minerals, but acetic acid did not remove them completely. The samples most strongly attacked by HCI and NaOH were examined by X-ray diffraction. Acid treatment did not destroy the structure of the clays, but the halloysite structure was partially destroyed. Sodium hydroxide attacked the halloysite structure, as shown by chemical analysis and X-ray diffraction. These experiments show that treatment in dilute acids has no harmful effect in the preparation of clays for X-ray diffraction. Acetic acid is preferred to hydrochloric acid for this purpose. Hydrochloric acid cleans clay minerals by removing free iron oxide from the surface; acetic acid is less effective.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reactivity of Clay Minerals With Acids and Alkalies

Carroll

1971

Clays and clay miner.

132

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“…Silica, was removed preferentially to alumina because at the pH of this sea-water (pH 7.6) alumina is insoluble. However, the effect of a saline solution acting on a desaturated clay mineral is to remove both A1203 and Fe203 as shown by Mukherjee et al (1948) and by Low (1955). As Ala+ ions in the clay mineral lattice cannot be replaced by Na + ions owing to difference in ionic radii (A18+, 0.57/~; Na +, 0.98A), and as A1 a+ is insoluble at pit 7.6, a complex is probably formed, either with the organic molecules in sea-water or with the chloride ions.…”

Section: Solubility Of Clay Minerals In Sea-watermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Another point to be considered about the reaction of clay minerals with sea-water is that small amounts of Si02, A1203, and Fe203 are dissolved from them by sea-water, but it is not known if this solubility is due to a surface effect as indicated by Nash and Marshall (1956), to the soinbflity of Si02 and Al20a (the latter is slightly soluble at pH 8.0) at the pH of sea-water (Correns, 1949 ;Krauskopf, 1956), or to the release of A1203 from H-clays by a saline solution (Mukherjee, Chatterjee and Ray, 1948). Probably the C1-ions in sea-water form a complex with the A13+ ions released from the clay minerals.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Sea-Water on Clay Minerals

Carroll

1958

Clays clay miner. (Natl. Conf. Clays Clay Miner.)

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Samples of a montmorillonite, a mixed-layer mineral (mica and montmorillonite) " illite", kaolinite, and halloysite were immersed in 50 ml sea-water for I0 days, and additional samples of the first three were immersed for 150 days. The exchangeable cations were determined both before and after treatment. It was found that Mg 2+ ions from sea-water moved into the exchange positions in the minerals in preference to Ca 2+ and Na + ions. The H-form of these minerals showed a gradual adjustment to seawater as measured by change in pH and filling of the exchange positions with cations other than H +. Kaolinite adjusted very rapidly, but montmorillonite and the mixedlayer mineral were slow. All the minerals reacted to yield appreciable amounts of Si02, A1203, and Fe2Oa to the sea-water. The quantities yielded are in the order:montmorillonite :> mixed-layer mineral ~ " fllite " > kaolinite > halloysite The solubility is considered to be due to direct solution of Si02 in the sea-water and to removal of AlcOa from the octahedral layer of the minerals.When H-clays were tiara.ted with sea-water three distinct kinds of curves were obtained: (a) kaolinite; (b) mixed-layer mineral, " illite," and halloysito; and (c) montmorillonite. The curves are similar to those obtained with clay minerals titrated with other alkaline solutions. Kaolinite reacts somewhat like a number of simple acids, but the curves for the other minerals are more complex and are related to the neutralization of I-I+ and its replacement in the exehange sites by metallic cations. The exchangeable cations were determined in the minerals after titration, and the results are similar to those obtained after immersing the minerals in sea-water. The volume of sea-water required to reach an end point at about pH 7.6 varies from ll ml for kaolinite to 135 ml for montmorillonite and is related to the titratable alkalinity of the sea water and to the exchange capacity of the minerals.

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Über das Kationenaustauschvermögen der Tonminerale. I. Vergleich der Untersuchungsmethoden

Weiss

1958

Zeitschrift anorg allge chemie

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Die verschiedenen Methoden zur Bestimmung des Kationenaustauschvermögens der Tonminerale und Tone wurden experimentell miteinander verglichen und der Einfluß der Verweilzeit in der Austauschlösung, des pH‐Wertes, der Art der Anionen und der Trocknung vor der Bestimmung untersucht. Um genaue Werte zu erhalten, ist eine quantitative Stoffbilanz unter Erfassung aller Kationen und Anionen in der Austauschlösung und im Bodenkörper erforderlich. Für Untersuchungen an natürlichen oder technisch aufbereiteten Kaolinen und Tonen reicht die Genauigkeit der verschiedenen Schnellmethoden, z.B. der Ammoniumchloridmethode nach Hofmann und Giese, der Ammoniumacetatmethode oder der Bariumchlorid‐Triäthanolamin‐Methode nach Mehlich aus. Austauschbare Wasserstoffionen können weder mit 0,01 n Säuren noch durch Elektrodialyse oder Kontaktaustausch mit anderen Ionenaustauschern ohne irreversible Schädigung der Tonminerale quantitativ eingeführt werden.

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Liberation of H+, Al+++ and Fe+++ ions from pure clay minerals on repeated salt treatment and desaturations

Cited by 14 publications

References 4 publications

Reactivity of Clay Minerals With Acids and Alkalies

Reactivity of Clay Minerals With Acids and Alkalies

Effect of Sea-Water on Clay Minerals

Über das Kationenaustauschvermögen der Tonminerale. I. Vergleich der Untersuchungsmethoden

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