Liability for Crimes Involving Artificial Intelligence Systems

Artificial Intelligence in E-Commerce: Legal Aspects

“…Thesis from all scientific works will be given in the text of the article. In addition, M. N. Gasson, B.-J., Koops [5], and G. Hallevy [6] studied issues of improving approaches to determining criminal and other liability in connection with the development of innovations. R. J. Allen [7], E. Nissan, and A.…”

Vital, Sophia, and Co.—The Quest for the Legal Personhood of Robots

“…First, attention should be drawn to "the missing-something problem". Although certain scholars claim that AI robots would already have the capability of fulfilling the awareness requirements in criminal law, together with "the mental element requirements of both intent offenses and recklessness offenses" [26] (p. 99), current AI robots lack most requisites that usually are associated with granting someone, or something, legal personhood: such artificial agents are not self-conscious, they do not possess human-like intentions, or properly suffer. This does not amount to say that the levels of autonomy, self-consciousness, and intentionality-which arguably are insufficient to grant AI robots their full legal personhood today-are inadequate to produce relevant effects in other fields of the law, e.g., the legal agenthood of artificial agents in the field of contracts and business law, as previously explored above in Section 3.…”

“…At the end of the day, nobody knows to where this scenario may lead. For instance, would a strong AI robotic lawyer accept the argument that "evil is not part of the components of criminal liability" [26] (p. 93)? What if the AI robot, rather than an advocate of current exclusive legal positivism, is a follower of the natural law tradition?…”

“…The third kind of problem has to do with how we should mediate today's state-of-the-art and Leibniz's warning about our own ignorance: "every mind has a horizon in respect to its present intellectual capacity but not in respect to its future intellectual capacity" [28] (p. 115). On the one hand, some popular claims of today's debate can be deemed as simply non-sense, such as the awareness of AI robots, thus subject to retribution and deterrence, rehabilitation and incapacitation, down to capital penalty e.g., [26]. Yet, on the other hand, the breath-taking advancements of technology in this field recommend being prepared as to how we shall rethink notions of consciousness, self-consciousness and moral agency.…”

Artificial Intelligence from the Point of View of Law

“…В частности, общие вопро-сы создания и использования искусственного интеллекта исследовались А. Ос-камп и А. Лоддером (Oskamp & Lodder, 2006), вопросы совершенствования подходов к определению уголовной и иной ответственности в связи с развитием инноваций изучались М. Гэссоном и Б.-Я. Купсом (Gasson & Koops, 2013), Д. Джонсон (Johnson, 2014), Г. Халлеви (Hallevy, 2015). К проблеме исследования искусственного интеллекта с точки зрения права интеллектуальной собственно-сти обращался Роберт Ю (Yu, 2017).…”