Li–S and Li–O2 Batteries with High Specific Energy

Novel sulfonated multi‐walled carbon nanotubes filled chitosan composite membrane for fuel‐cell applications

“…Similar results have also been reported in previous studies . Acid–base membranes are often prepared by (1) directly incorporating low‐molecular‐weight acid–base into the acidic/basic polymer membrane or (2) grafting low‐molecular‐weight acid–base onto inorganic fillers and then mixing with a basic/acidic polymer . In the former case, quaternary ammonium is formed due to the reaction of lower molecular weight acid/base with the acidic/basic group in the polymer, resulting in a decrease in the proton conductivity due to the decrease in the availability of protons; while in the latter case, the motion of the low‐molecular‐weight acid/base is restricted, which can reduce the reaction to form quaternary ammonium.…”

Effect of thermal crosslinking on the properties of sulfonated poly(phenylene sulfone)s as proton conductive membranes

“…It was reported that the crosslinking could mitigate excess swelling of IEC membranes . The crosslinking could be generally made by acid–base (electrostatic) interactions or covalent bonds . The ionically crosslinked membranes are not very stable particularly at high temperature and humidity due to the relatively weak electrostatic interactions.…”

Path-dependent morphology of CH4 hydrates and their dissociation studied with high-pressure microfluidics

“…As can be seen, the sub-cooling (T sub ) of MH formation at the pore-scale in this process was ∼10.2 K. It was interesting to note that the T sub required to induce MH formation on the microfluidic chip (in the range of 10-15 K) 20 was usually higher than that in actual marine sediments (in the range of 3-8 K). 36 This can be possibly attributed to two reasons: (a) the existence of impurities in marine sediments (such as montmorillonite minerals) promotes heterogeneous nucleation and reduces both the induction time and T sub . 37 (b) The near-perfect smooth surface of the fabricated microfluidic chip does not provide additional nucleation sites for MH heterogeneous nucleation.…”