Li-Ion Battery Lifetime Model’s Influence on the Economic Assessment of a Hybrid Electric Bus’s Operation

Abstract

The present paper is focused on the evaluation of the economic influence of a battery lifetime model upon the optimal sizing and energy management strategy of a dual energy storage system (ESS) composed of Lithium-ion batteries and supercapacitors. The operation of a Hybrid Bus is taken as a case study in order to evaluate the effects of battery lifetime models’ accuracy on ESS sizing and operation in a heavy-duty application. For this purpose, two different lifetime models (a Wöhler-curve-based model and a semi-empirical model) were applied in the multi-objective optimisation of a hybrid electric urban bus. Differences up to ca. 8% on the daily operation costs and ca. 25% on the dual ESS costs were estimated depending on the lifetime model considered for the optimisation.

Global Transportation Demand Development with Impacts on the Energy Demand and Greenhouse Gas Emissions in a Climate-Constrained World

“…In this study, the planned useful lifetime chosen is a bit longer to also cover the period until decommissioning. Lajunen [101] describes 80,000 km for the BUS battery lifetime in case of city operation, which can be translated to 3000-12,000 full charge cycles or 5-10 years [115][116][117]. 2W/3W vehicles lifetimes are taken from [9].…”

Full-scale electric vehicles penetration in the Danish Island of Bornholm—Optimal scheduling and battery degradation under driving constraints

“…In regard to cycling degradation, the use of Whöler curve-based ageing models is typically done in literature, for economic assessment in applications which integrate a battery. This model evaluate the effect of the number of charge-discharge cycles at a certain Depth-of-Discharge (DOD) upon the degradation of the battery, typically done using a Rainflow cycle counting algorithm [21], [31]. In this manuscript, the FECs have been calculated based on the number of charge-discharge cycles at different DODs.…”

“…Another important aspect is the battery degradation resulting in an energy capacity reduction for other EV utilization, such as Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) charging strategy. The battery degradation comes from both cycle degradation as a function of the number of full equivalent charge cycles and calendar aging as a function of time passing at different SOC and temperature [20], [21]. Some studies [22], [23] indicate a great loss of capacity as function of the number of cycles and the high rate cycling as a result of the high performance of the Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) charging strategy.…”

An Intelligent Controlling Method for Battery Lifetime Increment Using State of Charge Estimation in PV-Battery Hybrid System

“…This research resulted 0.893% average error by recommending the battery life extension for future research. Reference [27] implemented Wöhler-curve-based ageing model to improve the battery lifespan that recommended a proper controlling scheme in case of railway application. In [28], a predictive controller system is proposed to manage the SOC of the battery bank and support the critical load demand during grid-blackout condition.…”