Li-Ion Battery-Flywheel Hybrid Storage System: Countering Battery Aging During a Grid Frequency Regulation Service

Abstract

In this paper, a hybrid storage system solution consisting of flywheels and batteries with a Lithium-manganese oxide cathode and a graphite anode is proposed, for supporting the electrical network primary frequency regulation. The aim of the paper is to investigate the benefits of flywheels in mitigation of the accelerating aging that li-ion batteries suffer during the grid frequency regulation operation. For this purpose, experimental aging tests have been performed on a lithium-manganese oxide battery module and an electrical battery model which takes into account the battery aging has been developed in a Simulink environment. Then, a flywheel electrical model has been implemented, taking into account the thermal and the electromechanical phenomena governing the electrical power exchange. This more complete model of a hybrid storage system enables us to simulate the same aging cycles of the battery-based storage system and to compare the performances of the latter with the hybrid storage system. The simulation results suggest that suitable control of the power shared between the batteries and the flywheels could effectively help in countering Li-ion battery accelerated aging due to the grid frequency regulation service.

Prolongation of Battery Lifetime for Electric Buses through Flywheel Integration

“…The performance of the real-time optimisation-based model predictive control (MPC) proved effectiveness in terms of power-fluctuation compensation, HESS energy saving and reduction of the battery usage, especially at high sea states [14]. A frequency control was applied by Sessa et al [15,16] on a battery/flywheel HESS during grid frequency regulation service. The implemented low-pass filter forced the battery to supply the low frequency and the FESS to supply the high-frequency components of the required power, leading to a signifi-cant reduction of the lithium manganese oxide (LMO) battery ageing of around 22%.…”

“…The NMPC control at instant k is calculated by the minimisation of the following cost function along the control horizon, being subject to the above given constraints: (15) where (k + i|k) represents the value predicted for time (k + i) based on the information available at time k, p denotes the prediction horizon as the number of time steps, P aux is the auxiliary power supplied by the battery, σ represents the weighting factor for the battery ageing and c n is the respective coefficient for the n-th part of the cost function. The first term gives a penalty for not meeting the requested power of the electric drive and the auxiliary devices.…”

A review on battery management system from the modeling efforts to its multiapplication and integration

“…This model can reflect the polarization between electrode and electrolyte and describe the battery dynamic behavior more accurately. And multiorder Thevenin equivalent circuit model was applied to a 47.8‐kW LMO battery, as shown in figure (c). Moreover, many people proposed some extended model for different situations on the basis of Thevenin model.…”

Design and Modeling of an Integrated Flywheel Magnetic Suspension for Kinetic Energy Storage Systems

“…The solution that seemingly overcomes such an issue consists of the combination of energy-intensive and power-intensive ES sources. A viable arrangement proposed by several contributions deals with kinetic-electrochemical hybrid systems, which can join well-assessed and scalable battery technology with the flywheel ES systems (FESS) able to provide back-up supply and effective peak-shaving function as well [1].…”