Lhx2 mediates the activity of Six3 in zebrafish forebrain growth

Ando, Hideki; Kobayashi, Makoto; Tsubokawa, Tatsuya; Uyemura, Keiichi; Furuta, Toshiaki; Okamoto, Hitoshi

doi:10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.09.023

Cited by 103 publications

(100 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…Direct, multi-site caging of mRNA 20 , 57 , 58 , 59 or DNA 21 with a reactive diazo coumarin chromophore, similar to the original caged cAMP synthesis 30 , (Bhc; Fig. 2c) efficiently inactivates the molecules.…”

Section: Caged Mrna and Dnamentioning

confidence: 99%

Caged compounds: photorelease technology for control of cellular chemistry and physiology

2007

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Caged compounds are light-sensitive probes that functionally encapsulate biomolecules in an inactive form. Irradiation liberates the trapped molecule, permitting targeted perturbation of a biological process. Uncaging technology and fluorescence microscopy are 'optically orthogonal': the former allows control, and the latter, observation of cellular function. Used in conjunction with other technologies (for example, patch clamp and/or genetics), the light beam becomes a uniquely powerful tool to stimulate a selected biological target in space or time. Here I describe important examples of widely used caged compounds, their design features and synthesis, as well as practical details of how to use them with living cells.The idea behind the caging technique is that a molecule of interest can be rendered biologically inert (or caged) by chemical modification with a photoremovable protecting group (Fig. 1). Illumination results in a concentration jump of the biologically active molecule that can bind to its cellular receptor, switching on (or off) the targeted process. Virtually every kind of signaling molecule or second messenger, of every size| [mdash]|from protons to proteins| [mdash]|has been caged 1 .Why are caged compounds so useful? A single component of cellular chemistry can control the function of a cell, and such cellular regulation can be temporally or spatially defined, intracellular or extracellular, and amplitude-or frequency-modulated 2 . Photomanipulation of cellular chemistry using caged compounds provides a uniquely powerful means to interact with such cellular dynamics, as it can touch upon any one of the above dimensions. Thus, since light passes through cell membranes, uncaging can rapidly release a biomolecule in an intracellular compartment. This space is not readily accessible to many second messengers (for example, inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP 3 ), ATP, Ca 2+ , cAMP, cGMP) when they are applied to cells externally, as their charge makes them impermeable to the plasma membrane. Furthermore, uniform illumination results in release throughout the cytosol, or the release can be localized by focusing the uncaging beam on one part of a cell. Likewise, extracellular uncaging of neurotransmitters and hormones is tunable, allowing stimulation of many neurons simultaneously or of single synapses| [mdash]|by global or focused illumination, respectively. Light cannot only be directed, but also modulated in time andCorrespondence should be addressed to Graham C R Ellis-Davies (cagedca@hotmail.com). (Fig. 2) has been widely used to study many Ca 2+ -controlled processes. In particular, secretory processes in neuronal and non-neuronal cells have been extensively studied with caged calcium 22 . Rapid uncaging of glutamate using two-photon photolysis is particularly useful for the rational stimulation of visually identified synapses in complex tissue preparations such as acutely isolated brain slices from the hippocampus 23 (Fig. 2b). Finally, uncaging of mRNA in vivo in zebrafish is an excellen...

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Section: Caged Mrna and Dnamentioning

confidence: 99%

Caged compounds: photorelease technology for control of cellular chemistry and physiology

2007

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Section: Two Distinct Classes Of Neurons In the Dorsal Hindbrain Basementioning

confidence: 99%

“…We have previously cloned the LIM homeobox 2 (lhx2) and LIM homeobox 9 (lhx9) that are expressed regionally in embryonic zebrafish brain (Ando et al, 2005). In the hindbrain, they are expressed in a segmental manner in the dorsolateral region (Ando et al, 2005;Seth et al, 2006). Because this expression pattern is similar to the immunostaining pattern of the zn-5 antibody, which recognizes the cell adhesion molecule DM-GRASP (Neurolin/Alcam) expressed by the commissural neurons located in the rhombomere boundaries (Fashena and Westerfield, 1999;Trevarrow et al, 1990), we performed double immunostaining of the coronal sections of the hindbrain with the zn-5 and Lhx2/9 antibodies (Liem et al, 1997).…”

Section: Two Distinct Classes Of Neurons In the Dorsal Hindbrain Basementioning

confidence: 99%

Visualization of two distinct classes of neurons by gad2 and zic1 promoter/enhancer elements in the dorsal hindbrain of developing zebrafish reveals neuronal connectivity related to the auditory and lateral line systems

Sassa

Aizawa

Okamoto

2007

Developmental Dynamics

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The dorsal hindbrain includes distinct classes of neurons for processing various sensory stimuli, but the developmental aspects of these neurons remain largely unknown. We identify here two distinct classes of neurons in the dorsal hindbrain of developing zebrafish: (1) neurons that express the inhibitory neuronal marker Gad1/2, and (2) neurons that express the zn-5 antigen and Lhx2/9 and require the basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor Atoh1a for development. Neurons were traced to their axon terminals by expressing green fluorescent protein using the Gal4VP16-UAS (UAS, upstream activating sequences) system in combination with the promoter/enhancer regions of gad2 for the Gad1/2(؉) neurons and zic1 for the zn-5(؉)Lhx2/9(؉) neurons. The Gad1/2(؉) neurons projected to the contralateral hindbrain, while the zn-5(؉)Lhx2/9(؉) neurons projected to the contralateral midbrain torus semicircularis, suggesting a role in auditory and lateral line sensory processing. Comparison of these projections with those from the cochlear nuclei to the inferior colliculus in mammals suggests similarities across vertebrate species. Developmental Dynamics 236:706 -718, 2007.

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“…The examples are limited to transparent model organisms such as zebra sh embryos. 16,31 What is most challenging is a new caged compound that is capable of being used in whole bodies of animals. To attain this goal, a new photoremovable protecting group having the following properties is desirable, having longer absorption maximum (i.e.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%