Lewis-acid catalyzed synthesis and characterization of novel castor fatty acid-based cyclic carbonates

Abstract

Novel bio-based cyclic carbonates were synthesised from ricinoleic acid by intra molecular rearrangement of an epoxy carbonate ester with Lewis acids.

Glucose electro-oxidation on Pt(100) in phosphate buffer solution (pH 7): A mechanistic study

“…The presence of these groups at these positions credits the gluconic acid molecule as a precursor to cyclic carbonate, as already reported for other monosaccharides, such as mannitol, sorbitol as well as glucose [45][46][47][48]. Moreover, the frequency at which this band appears in the spectrum agrees with those indicated in the literature for cyclic carbonates [39][40][41][42]. Furthermore, as can be seen, the formation of this specie releases 5 electrons (reaction 6), which also may explain the pronounced increase in oxidation current from this potential (Figure 10).…”

“…As commented previously, to be used as fuel in artificial heart devices, the principal objective in the glucose electro-oxidation is to achieve its complete oxidation to CO 2 : C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6 H 2 O → 6 CO 2 + 24 H + + 24 e − However, from the in situ FTIR spectra (Figures 6 and 7) and Table 1, it is evident that in phosphate buffer solution on Pt(100) the reaction mechanism is very complex, with the production of a lot of intermediate products, that prevent the complete oxidation reaction, similarly to that reported by Armstrong et al [22]. In addition to the CO 2 band (2345 cm -1 ) [20,21,37], there are bands that can be assigned to CO L (1998 cm -1 -2017 cm -1 ) [20,21,37], CO B (~1800 cm -1 ) [20], cyclic carbonate (1817 cm -1 -1844 cm -1 ) [38][39][40][41][42], γ-lactone or five-membered ring lactone (1778 cm -1 -1805 cm -1 ) [37,38], δ-lactone or six-membered ring lactone (1740 cm -1 -1747 cm -1 ) [20,37,38]. Spectra also show carboxylic acid bands (1593 cm -1 -1605 cm -1 , 1412 cm -1 -1416 cm -1 and 1365 cm -1 ) [21], that can be either from gluconic acid, glucuronic and/or glucaric acid [20][21][22].…”

Kinetic study of the carbonation of epoxidized fatty acid methyl ester catalyzed over heterogeneous catalyst HBimCl‐NbCl5/HCMC

“…During the past decades, several research groups have dedicated their work to develop homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts for the carbonation reaction. For instance, quaternary ammonium, 15 ionic liquid, 16,17 organocatalysts, 18 and crown ether complexes 19 have been investigated as homogeneous catalysts. Meanwhile, heterogeneous catalysts such as silica‐supported ionic liquid, 5 metal‐organic frameworks, 15,20–22 and some other novel catalysts such as 2D Cu(II)‐based metal‐organic framework, 23 ceria‐lanthana‐zirconia graphene oxide (Ce‐La‐Zr/GO) nanocomposite catalysts, 24 carboxymethyl cellulose supported 1‐hydroxypropyl‐3‐n‐butyllimidazolium chloride, and niobium(V) chloride (HBimCl‐NbCl 5 /HCMC) have been developed and tested 22 .…”

Synthetic Transformations for the Valorization of Fatty Acid Derivatives

“…Some of the most recent proposals include the use of simple halide salts together with phase-transfer catalysts, 118 ammonium halides together with polyoxometalate catalysts, 119 phosphonium salts of transition metals, 120 or simple Lewis acids. 121 In all cases excellent yields (>95%) are reported, using CO 2 pressures between 50 and 100 bar and 100 °C reaction temperature.…”