“…Several significant direct effects emerged that were in line with the premises of the mediation model and corroborated our hypotheses. Regarding the environmental factors, our data showed that SES and HLE are directly associated with language, replicating previous findings (Farah et al, 2006;Hackman & Farah, 2009;Hart & Risley, 1992;Hoff & Tian, 2005;McKean et al, 2015;Noble et al, 2007;Roberts et al, 2005;Sénéchal & LeFevre, 2014;Wood, 2002). Moreover, consistently with the literature across kindergartners, first graders, and preadolescents (Evans & Schamberg, 2009;Farah et al, 2006;Hackman et al, 2014;Sarsour et al, 2011;Waber et al, 2007), disadvantaged SES was related to impaired temporary memory.…”