Levels of Lead in Urban Soils from Selected Cities in a Central Region of the Philippines (7 pp)

Ona, Louella F.; Alberto, Annie Melinda Paz; Prudente, Jacqueline A.; Sigua, Gilbert C.

doi:10.1065/espr2005.08.275

Cited by 44 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…Diesel exhaust is believed to consist of thousands of organic constituents and is a major cause of urban pollution (Bayona et al 1988;Draper 1986;Erdinger et al 2005;Mestres 2005;Morville 2006;Ona 2006;Schuetzle 1983;Schuetzle & Lewtas 1986;Seidel et al 2006). A number of studies on the adverse effects of diesel exhaust particles (DEP) on human health, including lung cancer (McClellan 1987;Ichinose et al 1997), allergic rhinitis (Muranaka 1986;Takafuji et al 1987), bronchial asthma-like disease (Sagai et al 1996;Miyabara et al 1998), and disruption of endocrine function, have been reported (Yoshida et al 1999;Watanabe & Oonuki 1999;Tsukue et al 2001Tsukue et al , 2002.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Isolation and identification of new vasodilative substances in diesel exhaust particles

Seki

Noya

Mikami

et al. 2009

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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Goal, Scope, and Background We recently developed a new isolation method for diesel exhaust particles (DEP), involving successive extraction with H 2 O, sodium bicarbonate, and sodium hydroxide, in which the sodium hydroxide extract was found to consist of phenolic components. Analysis of the extract revealed that vasodilative active nitrophenols are in DEP in significantly higher concentration than those estimated by an earlier method involving a combination of solvent extraction and repeated chromatography. These findings indicated that our new procedure offers a simple, efficient and reliable method for the isolation and identification of bioactive substances in DEP. This encouraged us to extend our work to investigating new vasodilatory substances in the sodium bicarbonate extract. Materials and Methods DEP were collected from the exhaust of a 4JB1-type engine (ISUZU Automobile Co., Tokyo, Japan). GC-MS analysis was performed with a GCMS-QP2010 instrument (Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan).Results DEP dissolved in 1-butanol was successively extracted with water, sodium bicarbonate, and then aqueous sodium hydroxide. The sodium bicarbonate extract was neutralized and the resulting mixture of acidic components was subjected to reverse-phase (RP) column chromatography followed by RP-HPLC with fractions assayed for vasodilative activity. This led to the identification of telephthalic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, isophthalic acid, phthalic acid, 3-hydroxy-4-nitrobenzoic acid, 4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenol, and 1,4,5-naphthalene tricarboxylic acid as components of DEP. DiscussionThe sodium bicarbonate extract was rich in the acidic components. Repeated reverse-phase chromatography resulted in the successful isolation of several acidic substances including the new vasodilative materials, 4-hydroxy-3-nitrobenzoic acid and 3-hydroxy-4-nitrobenzoic acid. Seidel et al. 2006). A number of studies on the adverse effects of diesel exhaust particles (DEP) on human health, including lung cancer (McClellan 1987;Ichinose et al. 1997), allergic rhinitis (Muranaka 1986;Takafuji et al. 1987), bronchial asthma-like disease (Sagai et al. 1996;Miyabara et al. 1998), and disruption of endocrine function, have been reported (Yoshida et al. 1999;Watanabe & Oonuki 1999;Tsukue et al. 2001Tsukue et al. , 2002. While these studies have furnished epidemiologically important results, they have been done without knowledge of the bioactive entities in DEP, making it difficult to estimate the effect of individual components on human health. In our earlier studies on the isolation and identification of bioactive compounds contained in DEP, we have isolated aromatic substances including nitrophenols (Mori et al. 2003a;Taneda et al. 2004a) that showed strong vasodilatory activity by a method involving successive solvent extractions, followed by repeated column chromatography. This multi-step isolation procedure, however, resulted in poor fractionation with impaired accuracy and reproducibility. Therefore, it was crucial to develop a more efficient and ...

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Isolation and identification of new vasodilative substances in diesel exhaust particles

Seki

Noya

Mikami

et al. 2009

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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“…Shooting activities have been reported to be the largest contributors of lead to the environment (USGS, 2002).The most commonly applied pozzolanic materials are portland cement, lime, and/or fly ash (Palomo and Palacios, 2003;Dermatas and Meng, 2003;and Terzano et al, 2005).The lead in fuels contributes to air pollution, especially in urban areas. Soil near highways, freeways, and smelting facilities have higher levels of lead than the soil in other areas because of their exposure to lead dust, which accumulates over time (Ona et al, 2006).The impact of mineral extraction occurs not only in the mine zone, but also in the surrounding areas when polluted sediments are carried out by rivers and runoff (Jiménez-Cárceles et al, 2008).…”

Section: Types Of Heavy Metals Contamination In Soilmentioning

confidence: 99%

Scenario of heavy metal contamination in agricultural soil and its management

Chopra

Pathak

Prasad

2009

JANS

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Soil is a complex structure and contains mainly five major components i.e. mineral matter, water, air, organic matter and living organisms. The quantity of these components in the soil does not remain the same but varies with the locality. Soil possesses not only a nucleus position for existence of living being but also ensures their future existence. Therefore, it is essential to make an adequate land management to maintain the quality of soil in both rural and urban soil. The presence of different kinds of heavy metals such as Cd, Cu, Mn, Bi and Zn etc. in trace or in minimum level is a natural phenomenon but their enhanced level is an indicator of the degree of pollution load in that specific area. The precise knowledge of these kinds of heavy metals, their forms and their dependence on soil provides a genuine base for soil management. The heavy metals have potent cumulative properties and toxicity due to which they have a potential hazardous effect not only on crop plants but also on human health. The metal contaminants can be reduced by immobilization of contaminants using macrophytes and also by using genetically engineered microorganisms.

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“…The process of urbanization and industrialization is accompanied by increased automobile and industrial emissions of heavy metals to surrounding water bodies (Arnason and Fletcher, 2003;Vaalgamaa, 2004). Except industrial emission, most heavy metals have significant traffic related sources (Callender and vanMetre, 1997;Gardner and Carey, 2004;Ona et al, 2006). Even treated urban effluents can serve as point sources of metal contaminants to receiving waters (Gobeil et al, 2005), and it has been shown that management of storm water in urban areas leads to the accumulation of polluted sediments at the water-sediment interface of various aquatic ecosystems (Mermillod-Blondin et al, 2005).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fraction distribution and risk assessment of heavy metals in sediments of Moshui Lake

Liu¹,

Li²,

Yin³

et al. 2008

Journal of Environmental Sciences

127

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To examine the status and risk of heavy metal pollution in urban lakes, in China, the distribution of several heavy metals (e.g., Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn) in the sediment of Moshui Lake, Hangyang District, Wuhan City, was characterized. The process of rapid urbanization and industrialization of the district was also studied to find out its relationship with the metal accumulation profile in the sediment. It was found that the total concentration of heavy metals in the sediment was higher than the severe effect level (SEL), at all sampling sites, except those in the riparian zone. The Cr and Cu maximum concentrations were 1,780 and 1,250 mg/kg, approximately 16 and 11 times as much as the SEL values, and they appeared as deep as 32 cm in one sample. The carbonate and exchangeable fractions of Zn were more than 50% of the total Zn content, resulting in very high risk according to the Risk Assessment Code (RAC). For Cu and Ni, a medium RAC value was found for carbonate and exchangeable fractions of 11%-20%. As sensitive indicators of contaminants in aquatic systems, heavy metals in the sediment reflect the outcome of regional urbanization, industrialization, and environmental management. With rapid urbanization, sedimentary Pb and Zn concentrations increased. The experimental results showed that high sedimentary heavy metal concentrations had resulted from rapid urbanization and industrialization, which would absolutely lead to substantial aquatic environmental decline in urban lakes.

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Levels of Lead in Urban Soils from Selected Cities in a Central Region of the Philippines (7 pp)

Cited by 44 publications

References 3 publications

Isolation and identification of new vasodilative substances in diesel exhaust particles

Isolation and identification of new vasodilative substances in diesel exhaust particles

Scenario of heavy metal contamination in agricultural soil and its management

Fraction distribution and risk assessment of heavy metals in sediments of Moshui Lake

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