Levels of Aflatoxin M1 in Breast Milk of Lactating Mothers in Monterrey, Mexico: Exposure and Health Risk Assessment of Newborns

Salas, Rogelio; Acosta, Nallely; Garza, Aurora de Jesús; Tijerina, Alexandra; Dávila, Roberto; Jiménez-Salas, Zacarías; Otero, Laura; Santos, Mirna; Trujillo, A.J.

doi:10.3390/toxins14030194

Cited by 6 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…AFB1 significantly reduced the antioxidant capacity of the ileum while imposing inflammation, oxidative stress, mitochondrial malfunction and DNA damage. RES, on the other hand, inhibited AFB1‐DNA adduct formation by reducing the expression of CYP1A1 and CYP1A2, as well as oxidative stress and DNA damage via the NF‐B/NLRP3 and Nrf2/Keap1 pathways (Fedor et al, 2022; Salas et al, 2022; Yang et al, 2022).…”

Section: Effect On Covidmentioning

confidence: 99%

Resveratrol regulates inflammation and improves oxidative stress via Nrf2 signaling pathway: Therapeutic and biotechnological prospects

Shahcheraghi

Salemi

Small

et al. 2023

Phytotherapy Research

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Usually, in aerobic metabolism, natural materials including nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids can experience auxiliary injury by oxidative responses. This damage produced by reactive oxygen/nitrogen species has been identified as “oxidative stress.” As a natural polyphenol got from red wine and peanuts, resveratrol is one of the most eminent anti‐aging mixtures. Based on many studies', resveratrol hinders destructive effects of inflammatory causes and reactive oxygen radicals in several tissues. The nuclear erythroid 2‐related factor 2 is a factor related to transcription with anti‐inflammatory, antioxidant possessions which is complicated by enzyme biotransformation and biosynthesis of lipids and carbohydrates. This review provides current understanding and information about the character of resveratrol against oxidative stress and regulation of inflammation via Nrf2 signaling pathway.

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Section: Effect On Covidmentioning

confidence: 99%

Resveratrol regulates inflammation and improves oxidative stress via Nrf2 signaling pathway: Therapeutic and biotechnological prospects

Shahcheraghi

Salemi

Small

et al. 2023

Phytotherapy Research

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“…Because AFM 1 is secreted in human breast milk, AFM 1 exposure in infants and children has been linked to Reye and Kwashiorkor’s syndromes, immunosuppression, dermal irritation, endocrine disruptions, growth retardation, underweight, and infectious diseases. Thus, investigating the presence and level of AFM 1 in human breast milk is of particular interest [ 31 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Aflatoxins Occurrence and Exposure in Cereal-Based Baby Foods: An Update Review

Açar,

Akbulut

2024

Curr Nutr Rep

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Purpose of Review The first stages of human life, which include the fetal period, infancy, and early childhood, are the most critical for human growth and development. This is the most vulnerable phase to health challenges due to the immature immune system and rapid development. Mycotoxins such as aflatoxins, ochratoxin A, patulin, fumonisins, zearalenone, and deoxynivalenol are secondary metabolites secreted by various fungal species, primarily Aspergillus, Fusarium, Penicillium, and Alternaria. Aflatoxins are one of the major mycotoxins produced in cereals and cereal-based foods by several species of Aspergillus, mainly Aspergillus flavus. In this context, this review provides a brief overview of the occurrence, exposure, legal regulations, and health effects of aflatoxins (B1, B2, G1, G2, and M1) in cereal-based baby foods and breast milk. Recent Findings Human aflatoxin exposure in utero and through breast milk, infant formulas, cereals, and cereal-based foods has been linked to various health consequences, including adverse birth outcomes, impaired growth and development, immune system suppression, and hepatic dysfunction. Recent evidence suggests that especially infants and children are more susceptible to aflatoxins due to their lower body weight, lowered capacity to detoxify harmful substances, more restrictive diet, immature metabolism and elimination, and faster rates of growth and development. Summary It is essential for both food safety and infant and child health that aflatoxins in cereal and cereal-based products are precisely detected, detoxified, and managed.

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“…of diseases like cancer, growth retardation, kidney problem, or endocrine changes has been well-established (Bennett and Klich 2003;Metzler et al 2010;Turner et al 2012). AFM1(group 1 carcinogen) is associated with impaired child growth, Reye's and Kwashiorkor's syndromes (a atoxin-lysine adducts and a atoxinalbumin adducts in blood, respectively), suppressed immune system, skin rashes, endocrine disruptions, acute hepatitis, intestinal barrier disruption, and liver disorders (non-alcoholic) (Gong et al 2004;Salas et al 2022). Besides AFM1, a few more mycotoxins such as OTA, ZEN& its metabolites (α-ZEL, β-ZEL) are recently noted to be making their route to the mother's milk and posing an exposure risk to the neonates.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk Assessment of multiple mycotoxins and trace metals through mother milk consumption to neonates in India

Maurya,

Mandal,

Saifi

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Mother’s milk is a unique biological fluid providing essential nutrients for the proper growth and development of neonates. Surveillance reports indicated continuous exposure to various contaminants to humans. These xenobiotics tend to mobilize into multiple body fluids, including mother’s milk, thus creating a higher risk to mother’s milk-fed neonates. This study aimed to determine the extent of mycotoxins, trace and toxic metals contamination in mother’s milk, and health risk assessment of mother’s milk-dependent neonates. In this study, mycotoxins and metals were analyzed in the milk of 100 Indian nursing mothers. Aflatoxin M1(AFM1) was detected by ELISA, whereas Ochratoxin (OTA), α-Zearalenol(α-ZEL), β-Zearalenol (β-ZEL) and Zearalenone (ZEN) were analyzed by LC-HRMS. Metals were analyzed using ICP-MS. In the 100 analyzed samples, the detection of AFM1, OTA, ZEN, α-ZEL, and β-ZEL were 73%, 96%, 30%, 15%, and 7%, respectively. In breastfed infants, the estimated daily intake (EDI) of AFM1, OTA, and ZEN were 0.005, 0 0.047, and 0.024 µg/L BW/day. Similarly, metals analysis showed the presence of Cr, Mn, As, Cd, and Pb were 26%, 49%, 42%, 34%, and 12%, respectively. The HQ > 1 in arsenic indicates possible health risks for the infants. A significant correlation was found among all metals except As. α-ZEL, β-ZEL, and ZEN were significant among themselves. Altogether, results suggest a potential risk of mycotoxins and trace toxic metals for neonates via mother’s milk which requires immediate attention and must be regulated promptly.

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Levels of Aflatoxin M1 in Breast Milk of Lactating Mothers in Monterrey, Mexico: Exposure and Health Risk Assessment of Newborns

Cited by 6 publications

References 38 publications

Resveratrol regulates inflammation and improves oxidative stress via Nrf2 signaling pathway: Therapeutic and biotechnological prospects

Resveratrol regulates inflammation and improves oxidative stress via Nrf2 signaling pathway: Therapeutic and biotechnological prospects

Evaluation of Aflatoxins Occurrence and Exposure in Cereal-Based Baby Foods: An Update Review

Risk Assessment of multiple mycotoxins and trace metals through mother milk consumption to neonates in India

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