Levels and predictors of airborne and internal exposure to chromium and nickel among welders—Results of the WELDOX study

Welding fumes and lung cancer: a meta-analysis of case-control and cohort studies

“…The mRR for mild steel welders was slightly higher than that for stainless steel welders, although the CIs overlapped. Mild steel is commonly welded with high emission techniques that generate higher mass concentrations of particulate matter than welding stainless steel, which could explain the difference in risk estimates 6. Exposure misclassification could be another possible explanation for the difference in risk estimates, as some of the mild steel welders could have been exposed to stainless steel welding fumes from another worksite; however, the misclassification would be expected to be non-differential and bias risk estimates towards the null.…”

Relationship Between Urinary Nickel and Methylation of p15, p16 in Workers Exposed to Nickel

“…18,19 *The t test for difference in quantitative measurements between the exposed and control groups. [20][21][22] The Ni is not a cumulative toxin, and almost all the amount absorbed is excreted mainly via the urine. ‡The Wilcoxon test for differences in the distribution between the exposed and control groups.…”

AgNP/Bi/Nafion‐modified Disposable Electrodes for Sensitive Zn(II), Cd(II), and Pb(II) Detection in Aerosol Samples

“…PM is chemically complex, containing aw ide range of inorganic and organic molecules that can cause adverse healthe ffects. Understanding exposure can be difficult due to the spatial heterogeneity of PM and the large variety of PM sources [4,5].F urther exacerbating problems associatedw ith PM exposure,p articularly for human health, is that the quantity of PM is increasing as ar esult of globalization and urban expansion, especially within the developing world [6][7][8].T he toxic components of PM2.5 (PM less than 2.5 mmi na erodynamic diameter) includep olycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), nitro PA Hs,m etals,a nd reactiveg ases.I n this work, we focused on measuring Zn, Cd, and Pb in PM samples as part of al ong-standinge ffort to quantify toxic metals in aerosols for human exposure studies using filter samples collectedf rom personal aerosols amplers.…”

“…PM is chemically complex, containing aw ide range of inorganic and organic molecules that can cause adverse healthe ffects. Understanding exposure can be difficult due to the spatial heterogeneity of PM and the large variety of PM sources [4,5].F urther exacerbating problems associatedw ith PM exposure,p articularly for human health, is that the quantity of PM is increasing as ar esult of globalization and urban expansion, especially within the developing world [6][7][8].T he toxic components of PM2.5 (PM less than 2.5 mmi na erodynamic diameter) includep olycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), nitro PA Hs,m etals,a nd reactiveg ases.I n this work, we focused on measuring Zn, Cd, and Pb in PM samples as part of al ong-standinge ffort to quantify toxic metals in aerosols for human exposure studies using filter samples collectedf rom personal aerosols amplers.Zn, Cd,a nd Pb levels in PM are typically quantified using laboratory analyticali nstrumentation such as inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry( ICP-MS)o r atomic absorption spectrometry [ 9].T hese methods use large and expensive machines that are complicated to use and maintain, limiting their use to sophisticated laboratories that chargeahigh price for analysis.F aster,l ess expensive, and easier to use tools for analyzing samples would enable wide-spread testing in both developeda nd developing countries [10].X -Ray Fluorescence (XRF) has been used as al ess expensive,p ortable alternativet o ICP-MS methods [11].X RF,h owever,s till requires purchase of ar elativelye xpensive measurement unit. Among low-cost analytical methods, colorimetric detection using either visual or imaging-based techniques is simple and low-cost [12].H owever, colorimetry has limited sensitivity,s electivity,a nd high limits of detection( LOD) for trace metals such as Zn, Cd, and Pb [13].E lectrochemical detection integrated with inexpensive portable instrumentation has the ability to overcomel imitations of colorimetric methods [13][14][15][16][17].E lectrochemical detection can substantially improve sensitivity,selectivity,a nd LOD and can be optimized with methods such as electrode modification and analyte preconcentration [18,19].M any lowcost electrode fabrication methodse xist,i ncludings creenprinting [20],i nkjet-printing[ 21],a nd pencil drawing [22] but many of these electrodes have relatively high electron Abstract:Anew methodf or modifying electrodes with Ag nanoparticles (AgNPs) using electrospray deposition for sensitive,s elective detectiono fZ n(II), Cd(II), and Pb(II) in aerosol samples whenc ombined with Bismuth and Nafion coatinga nd square-wave anodic stripping voltammetry (SWASV)i sr eported.…”

“…AgNPs are attractive because of theirs mall size,s imple low-cost synthesis [28],a nd good electron transfer kinetics [29].A gNP-modified electrodes have primarily been generated usinge lectrodeposition or drop-casting methods [30,31];e lectrospray depositiono ffers ana lternative methodf or electrode modification. Electrospray produces submicron-sized droplets with al arge surface area and narrow size distribution [32].H ere,e lectrospray deposition improved the dispersion of AgNPs on ac arbon stencil-printed electrode (CSPE)r elative to drop-cast coatings,r esulting in better electrode performance.T he electron transfer kineticsw ere measuredu sing as tandard redox probe,( Ru(NH 3 ) 6 Cl 3 ), for both bare and AgNPmodified electrodes and showed ad ecreased peak potential separation (DE) for modified electrodes.U sing the modified electrodes,t he optimum supporting electrolyte conditions for Zn(II), Cd(II), and Pb(II) detectionw ere determined and ap H5.0 acetate buffer wasf ound to give the best combination of low detection limits and large linear working range. Selectivity was also determined from tolerance ratios for potential interfering metals.O f the common metals found in PM, onlyC usignificantly interferedw ith the analysis but the interference could be addressed using Fe(CN) 6…”