AgNP/Bi/Nafion‐modified Disposable Electrodes for Sensitive Zn(II), Cd(II), and Pb(II) Detection in Aerosol Samples

Abstract

1IntroductionHumane xposure to aerosolized particulate matter( PM) has been recognized worldwide as am ajor contributor to morbidity and mortality [1][2][3]. PM is chemically complex, containing aw ide range of inorganic and organic molecules that can cause adverse healthe ffects. Understanding exposure can be difficult due to the spatial heterogeneity of PM and the large variety of PM sources [4,5].F urther exacerbating problems associatedw ith PM exposure,p articularly for human health, is that the quantity of PM is increasing as ar esult of globalization and urban expansion, especially within the developing world [6][7][8].T he toxic components of PM2.5 (PM less than 2.5 mmi na erodynamic diameter) includep olycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), nitro PA Hs,m etals,a nd reactiveg ases.I n this work, we focused on measuring Zn, Cd, and Pb in PM samples as part of al ong-standinge ffort to quantify toxic metals in aerosols for human exposure studies using filter samples collectedf rom personal aerosols amplers.Zn, Cd,a nd Pb levels in PM are typically quantified using laboratory analyticali nstrumentation such as inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry( ICP-MS)o r atomic absorption spectrometry [ 9].T hese methods use large and expensive machines that are complicated to use and maintain, limiting their use to sophisticated laboratories that chargeahigh price for analysis.F aster,l ess expensive, and easier to use tools for analyzing samples would enable wide-spread testing in both developeda nd developing countries [10].X -Ray Fluorescence (XRF) has been used as al ess expensive,p ortable alternativet o ICP-MS methods [11].X RF,h owever,s till requires purchase of ar elativelye xpensive measurement unit. Among low-cost analytical methods, colorimetric detection using either visual or imaging-based techniques is simple and low-cost [12].H owever, colorimetry has limited sensitivity,s electivity,a nd high limits of detection( LOD) for trace metals such as Zn, Cd, and Pb [13].E lectrochemical detection integrated with inexpensive portable instrumentation has the ability to overcomel imitations of colorimetric methods [13][14][15][16][17].E lectrochemical detection can substantially improve sensitivity,selectivity,a nd LOD and can be optimized with methods such as electrode modification and analyte preconcentration [18,19].M any lowcost electrode fabrication methodse xist,i ncludings creenprinting [20],i nkjet-printing[ 21],a nd pencil drawing [22] but many of these electrodes have relatively high electron Abstract:Anew methodf or modifying electrodes with Ag nanoparticles (AgNPs) using electrospray deposition for sensitive,s elective detectiono fZ n(II), Cd(II), and Pb(II) in aerosol samples whenc ombined with Bismuth and Nafion coatinga nd square-wave anodic stripping voltammetry (SWASV)i sr eported. Carbon stencil-printed electrodes (CSPEs) fabricated on ap olyethylene transparency( PET) sheet were produced for an inexpensive, simple to fabricate,d isposable sensort hat can be used with the microliter sampl...

Recent Trends in the Improvement of the Electrochemical Response of Screen-Printed Electrodes by Their Modification with Shaped Metal Nanoparticles

“…The solvent is evaporated before reaching the surface, where the NPs are deposited [ 67 ]. Mettakoonpitak et al [ 68 ] reported using electrospray for the deposition of silver nanoparticles on SPEs.…”

N‐Doped Hollow Porous Carbon Spheres/Bismuth Hybrid Film Modified Electrodes for Sensitive Voltammetric Determination of Trace Cadmium

“…Compared with the bare GCE, the peak current of Bi/GCE is enhanced by a factor of 2.72. This remarkably increasing sensitivity can be attributed to the ability of bismuth to form the fused alloy with Cd, which makes Cd(II) easier reduction, improving the stripping peak current . Moreover, the N‐HPCSs/GCE displays a 337 % peak height enhancement for Cd(II) over the bare GCE.…”

Low-cost reusable sensor for cobalt and nickel detection in aerosols using adsorptive cathodic square-wave stripping voltammetry

“…CSPEs were prepared as previously described [36–38]. Home-made electrode inks were created by adding 0.43 g graphite to 1.00 g of the commercial carbon ink followed by hand mixing until homogeneous.…”