Level of Lead, Cadmium, and Mercury in Canadian Cigarette Tobacco as Indicators of Environmental Change: Results from a 21-Year Study (1968-1988)

Rickert, W.S.; Kaiserman, Murray

doi:10.1021/es00054a025

Cited by 39 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 12 publications

(12 reference statements)

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“…Author manuscript; available in PMC 2015 August 19. polluted water) has been shown to be the predominant source of characteristic metal content found in tobacco and varies with geographical area. [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17] Amendments that lower the soil pH increase metal availability. 8,10,13 Therefore if soil or its amendments have elevated metal concentrations or low pH, this will be reflected in elevated metals concentrations in tobacco crops grown on the soil.…”

Section: Author Manuscriptmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toxic elements in tobacco and in cigarette smoke: inflammation and sensitization

2011

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Biochemically and pathologically, there is strong evidence for both atopic and nonatopic airway sensitization, hyperresponsiveness, and inflammation as a consequence of exposure to tobacco mainstream or sidestream smoke particulate. There is growing evidence for the relation between exposure to mainstream and sidestream smoke and diseases resulting from reactive oxidant challenge and inflammation directly as a consequence of the combined activity of neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells, eosinophils, basophils, as a humoral immunological consequence of sensitization, and that the metal components of the particulate play a role in adjuvant effects. As an end consequence, carcinogenicity is a known outcome of chronic inflammation.Smokeless tobacco has been evaluated by the IARC as a group 1 carcinogen. Of the many harmful constituents in smokeless tobacco, oral tissue metallothionein gradients suggest that metals contribute to the toxicity from smokeless tobacco use and possibly sensitization.This work reviews and examines work on probable contributions of toxic metals from tobacco and smoke to pathology observed as a consequence of smoking and the use of smokeless tobacco. Metals and metalloids in tobaccoThough exposure to substances from tobacco use is obviously a complex exposure, the carcinogens in tobacco smoke have been classified for health risk determinations into five major chemical classes. 1 Some of these have been carefully studied, contributing to a strong weight of evidence for associated health risks. 2 Toxic metals and metalloids constitute one of the more understudied major carcinogenic chemical classes in smokeless tobacco products and tobacco smoke. Eight of the top forty substances in the Fowles and Dybing table of cancer risk indices are metals or metalloid compounds. 1 In their table of non-cancer risk indices for individual chemical constituents of mainstream cigarette smoke based on a single cigarette per day, three of the top eight listed for respiratory effect health risk, cadmium, hexavalent chromium, and nickel, were metals. Another metalloid, silicon in the form of silicates, poses serious health risks by inhalation, but limited data is available, likely due to analytical difficulties.Metals and metalloids in smoke from biomass combustion including tobacco are generally considered to be present in ionic form, but may also occur in a gaseous elemental form, as is the case for mercury. 3 Whether a tobacco product is consumed by smoking or in a smokeless form, the exposure to toxic metals is directly related to the concentration in the tobacco leaf, assuming no metal containing additives are included during manufacture. [4][5][6] The soil (including any amendments to the soil such as sludge, fertilizers, or irrigation with

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Section: Author Manuscriptmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toxic elements in tobacco and in cigarette smoke: inflammation and sensitization

2011

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“…1 In Canada, the contents of such metals in cigarette tobacco have been determined as an indicator of environmental change. 2 Heavy metals in cigarette tobacco may cause a significantly serious damage on human health. In fact, some surveys clarified that the contents of certain toxic heavy metals, especially cadmium, in fat, 3 blood 4 and liver 5 of tobacco smokers were much higher than those of non-smokers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of Cadmium, Zinc, Nickel and Cobalt in Tobacco by Reversed-Phase High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with 2-(8-Quinolylazo)-4,5-diphenylimidazole as a Chelating Reagent

2005

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A sensitive and selective method has been developed for the simultaneous determination of cadmium, zinc, nickel and cobalt. The method is based on the chelation of metal ions with 2-(8-quinolylazo)-4,5-diphenylimidazole (QAI) and the subsequent reversed-phase (RP) high-performance liquid chromatographic separation and spectrophotometric detection of the metal chelates. The chelates were separated on an RP column with acetonitrile-water containing ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid and sodium acetate (pH 7.5). Though Zn(II) and Cd(II) chelates with azo compounds were generally labile in the RP column, these chelates with QAI were successfully detected. When analyses were carried out at 575 nm and at 0.001 absorbance unit full scale, the peak height calibration curves were linear up to 2.0 ng for Cd(II), 2.4 ng for Zn(II), 0.14 ng for Ni(II) and 0.72 ng for Co(II) in 100-µL injections, respectively; the detection limits (3σ, three times of the standard deviation for the blank signal) for Cd(II), Zn(II), Ni(II) and Co(II) were 4.8, 24, 2.4 and 7.2 pg in 100 µL of injected solution, respectively. The proposed method was successfully applied to the analysis of tobacco without any preliminary concentration or separation.

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“…Cigarettes are known to contain Cd at measurable levels (e.g., 1-3 lg per piece; Elinder et al 1983;Watanabe et al 1987;Suna et al 1991;Kalcher et al 1993;Rickert and Kaiserman 1994). Cigarette smoking, therefore, can be a substantial source of non-occupational exposure to Cd (Watanabe et al 1982(Watanabe et al , 1983, in addition to foods ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Smoking-induced increase in urinary cadmium levels among Japanese women

Ikeda

Moriguchi

Ezaki

et al. 2005

Int Arch Occup Environ Health

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Level of Lead, Cadmium, and Mercury in Canadian Cigarette Tobacco as Indicators of Environmental Change: Results from a 21-Year Study (1968-1988)

Cited by 39 publications

References 12 publications

Toxic elements in tobacco and in cigarette smoke: inflammation and sensitization

Toxic elements in tobacco and in cigarette smoke: inflammation and sensitization

Determination of Cadmium, Zinc, Nickel and Cobalt in Tobacco by Reversed-Phase High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with 2-(8-Quinolylazo)-4,5-diphenylimidazole as a Chelating Reagent

Smoking-induced increase in urinary cadmium levels among Japanese women

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