Leukocyte mitochondria alterations after aerobic exercise in trained human subjects

Abstract

High-intensity AE has accumulative effects on the mitochondrial energization status and vitality of peripheral blood leukocytes. Leukocyte MTP is a potentially applicable indicator for monitoring immune distress due to overtraining.

Effects of unaccustomed downhill running on muscle damage, oxidative stress, and leukocyte apoptosis

“…The lowest intensity reported to significantly increase the rate of apoptosis in a single bout of exercise was 75% VO 2max for a 2.5 h treadmill run [34]. In addition, other studies that employed a single bout of exercise at 60% VO2max did not observe an increase in apoptosis [9][10]. The present study was designed to investigate the effects of exercise-induced muscle damage on leukocyte apoptosis in peripheral blood, therefore, 70% VO 2max was selected as the exercise intensity for all three runs to eliminate the influence of exercise intensity on leukocyte apoptosis.…”

“…The rate of apoptosis (apoptotic index: AI) was analyzed using flow cytometry and calculated as the number of leukocytes in the high fluorescence intensity population divided by the total number of leukocytes counted [9]. Briefly, about 1ml of fixed leukocytes in 70 % ethanol (approximately 1 × 106 cells) was placed in 12 × 75 mm flow cytometry centrifuge tubes and centrifuged for five minutes at 300 × g. After removing ethanol by aspiration, the leukocytes were resuspended in 1ml of wash buffer and centrifuged for 5 min at 300 × g followed by supernatant aspiration.…”

“…This decline in lymphocyte count may last from several hours up to days and may, at least in part, account for post-exercise immune suppression [5][6]. The majority of studies investigated the effects of exercise on lymphocyte apoptosis and proposed exercise intensity and duration as two determinants of lymphocyte apoptosis [7][8][9][10]. It was reported that high intensity or exhaustive exercise can elicit increases in muscle damage [11][12] and oxidative stress [13][14], which consequently induce leukocyte apoptosis in blood [15][16].…”

Efeito do exercício no sistema imune: resposta, adaptação e sinalização celular

“…The decrease in the lymphocyte concentration in the post exercise period may be, at least partly, a consequence of an apoptosis mechanism 72 . Higher lymphocytes apoptosis percentage in humans has been described immediately after the performance of high-intensity exercises [72][73][74] . The level of lymphocytes apoptosis when the exercise was performed at 38% VO 2max (6.9 ± 0.5%) was similar to the basal levels (6.2 ± 0.2%) and significantly increased when the exercise intensity reached 61% VO 2max (10.4 ± 0.6%).…”

Adrenalectomy in mice does not prevent loss of intestinal lymphocytes after exercise

“…The data indicate that ADX does not prevent the loss of lymphocytes from the intestinal mucosa 24 h after strenuous exercise and GCs are not directly causal in the leukopenia of exercise. treadmill running; adrenal glands; glucocorticoids NUMEROUS STUDIES HAVE SHOWN that acute exercise is associated with induction of apoptosis or programmed cell death and loss of lymphocytes from blood, thymus, and spleen in humans and laboratory animals (9,20,28,29). Lymphocyte loss and/or apoptosis have been observed in other situations characterized by extreme physiological stress, including burn injury (15), electrical shock (48), and chronic restraint stress (42), and may reflect release of stress hormones, in particular glucocorticoids (GCs).…”