Letter to the Editor: Plant health as a trade policy issue

McRae, C. F.; Wilson, David

doi:10.1071/ap02011

Cited by 7 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…in press), the looming threat of climate change (Ghini, Hamada & Bettiol 2008; Parks & Bernier 2010), and the increased intra‐ and international trade of agricultural crops and propagating material (Peters et al. 2009; Drew, Anderson & Andow 2010), there is increased focus of scientists and policy makers on bio‐security issues in the context of plant health regulation and governance (McRae & Wilson 2002; MacLeod et al. 2010).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Given the many recent regional outbreaks of plant pathogens (Plantegenest, Le May & Fabre 2007;Queloz et al in press), the looming threat of climate change (Ghini, Hamada & Bettiol 2008;Parks & Bernier 2010), and the increased intraand international trade of agricultural crops and propagating material (Peters et al 2009;Drew, Anderson & Andow 2010), there is increased focus of scientists and policy makers on biosecurity issues in the context of plant health regulation and governance (McRae & Wilson 2002;MacLeod et al 2010). However, plant scientists and epidemiologists have rarely used the tools of network theory to model plant disease development (Margosian et al 2009;Yemshanov et al 2009).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Disease spread in small‐size directed trade networks: the role of hierarchical categories

Pautasso

Jeger

et al. 2010

Journal of Applied Ecology

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Summary1. Small-size, directed networks are relevant for many biological applications, from meta-populations to food webs, from transport flows to evolutionary trees, from epidemics within households to outbreaks of emerging plant pathogens (e.g. Phytophthora ramorum). However, little attention has been paid to dynamic processes in these networks. 2. In the horticultural trade, structural change in hierarchical categories, i.e. the proportion of producers, wholesalers and retailers, can influence the likelihood that plant epidemics will take place in such systems, but it is unclear how. 3. We model disease spread and establishment in directed networks of 100 nodes at four connectance levels in six network structures [local, small-world, random, and scale-free (SF) networks with positive, no, and negative correlation between in-and out-degree (number of incoming and outgoing links)], and study the role of hierarchical categories. 4. For non-SF networks, the correlation coefficient between number of incoming and outgoing links is negatively correlated with the proportion of producers and retailers, and positively correlated with the proportion of wholesalers. Given the previously reported negative correlation between the in-out degree correlation coefficient and the epidemic threshold, adding producers ⁄ retailers and removing wholesalers can contribute to making epidemics more difficult in non-SF networks. For SF networks these associations are not generally present, as in these structures epidemic development is driven by the presence of hubs, rather than the features of the majority of the nodes. 5. Synthesis and applications. despite the importance of trade movements of plants for plant epidemics and the emergence of new plant pathogens, little is known about the current contact structure of horticultural networks within and among nations, and about how this is changing. Such information is important for risk assessment and management in plant health regulation. This study thus calls for the long-term collection of data on the number and degree distribution of plant producers, wholesalers and retailers. Our results suggest that plant disease management should focus on the middle-tier of the nursery hierarchy. This result is likely to pertain also to other biological applications of small-size directed networks.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Disease spread in small‐size directed trade networks: the role of hierarchical categories

Pautasso

Jeger

et al. 2010

Journal of Applied Ecology

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“…Article 5 of the SPS agreement states that risk assessment protocols developed by relevant international bodies should be used, as appropriate to the circumstances, to determine the risks associated with trade and to develop protective measures to mitigate the risks. Protective measures should, amongst other things, be scientifically based and be as unrestrictive of trade as possible (Anderson et al 2001;McRae and Wilson 2002). To account for the extensive and persistent uncertainty around pests that can be spread internationally the WTO promotes learning, encourages monitoring of outcomes, encourages transparency, facilitates broad participation in policy-making processes, and highlights the limitations of the knowledge used to inform policy (Cooney and Lang 2007).…”

Section: Sps Agreement 1995mentioning

confidence: 98%

Evolution of the international regulation of plant pests and challenges for future plant health

et al. 2010

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“…30 A key element in market access negotiations is the provision of lists of all pests associated with a specific crop within the exporting country to its trading partners. Long delays can occur when this information is not readily available.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Citrus black spot is absent in the Western Cape, Northern Cape and Free State Provinces

Carstens

Roux

Holtzhausen³

et al. 2012

S Afr J Sci

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Letter to the Editor: Plant health as a trade policy issue

Cited by 7 publications

References 3 publications

Disease spread in small‐size directed trade networks: the role of hierarchical categories

Disease spread in small‐size directed trade networks: the role of hierarchical categories

Evolution of the international regulation of plant pests and challenges for future plant health

Citrus black spot is absent in the Western Cape, Northern Cape and Free State Provinces

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