Citrus black spot is absent in the Western Cape, Northern Cape and Free State Provinces

Carstens, Elma; Roux, H.; Holtzhausen, Michael A.; Rooyen, Liezl van; Coetzee, Joey; Wentzel, Ria; Laubscher, Wilhelm; Dawood, Zorina; Venter, E.; Schutte, G. C.; Fourie, Pieter; Hattingh, V.

doi:10.4102/sajs.v108i7/8.876

Cited by 10 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 9 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…An evaluation of the paper by Carstens et al. (), cited in Magarey et al. () describing surveys conducted between 1995 and 2010 in three citrus producing provinces of South Africa was made.…”

Section: Data and Methodologiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…CBS was first recorded in South Africa in 1929 in areas around Pietermaritzburg (Doidge, in Paul et al., ) and is known to occur in a number of citrus‐producing provinces namely KwaZulu‐Natal, Mpumalanga, Limpopo, North West and the Eastern Cape (Carstens et al., ). Previously, attempts have been made to map the presence of CBS in South Africa using expert knowledge (Paul, ) and field surveys (Carstens et al., ). Carstens et al.…”

Section: Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Evaluation of new scientific information on Phyllosticta citricarpa in relation to the EFSA PLH Panel (2014) Scientific Opinion on the plant health risk to the EU

Bragard¹,

Caffier²,

Candresse³

et al. 2016

EFS2

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Plant Health (PLH) was asked to assess two publications, authored by Magarey et al. and Mart ınez-Minaya et al. from 2015, with regard to a need to update the EFSA Scientific Opinion from 2014 on the risk of Phyllosticta citricarpa (Guignardia citricarpa) for the EU territory. The EFSA PLH Panel was also requested to assess any other relevant scientific information published after the finalisation of the EFSA Scientific Opinion. The fungus P. citricarpa ( The conclusion in the Opinion that probability of CBS establishment in the EU is moderately likely is not affected by the paper by Magarey et al. (2015) predicting establishment in some of the EU locations they selected. The high level of uncertainty regarding the probability of establishment is also unchanged by Magarey et al. (2015). The Panel concluded that Mart ınez-Minaya et al. (2015) does not provide new evidence requiring an update to EFSA PLH Panel (2014), principally because it had already been concluded that global climate zones are based on factors and thresholds that are broad and not necessarily representative of those that are critical for the pathogen and its host.

show abstract

Section: Data and Methodologiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of new scientific information on Phyllosticta citricarpa in relation to the EFSA PLH Panel (2014) Scientific Opinion on the plant health risk to the EU

Bragard¹,

Caffier²,

Candresse³

et al. 2016

EFS2

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Citrus black spot disease has been reported in most of the major citrus‐producing countries, exclusively in areas with warm, summer rainfall climates (Carstens et al ., ; Magarey et al ., ; Martínez‐Minaya et al ., ; Paul et al ., ; Yonow et al ., ). Phyllosticta citricarpa produces ascospores in pseudothecia and conidia in pycnidia as inoculum sources.…”

Section: Epidemiology and Symptomsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Phyllosticta species have been associated with Citrus spp. worldwide (Baayen et al ., ; Baldassari et al ., ; Brentu et al ., ; Carstens et al ., ; Er et al ., ; Everett and Rees‐George ; Glienke et al ., ; Glienke‐Blanco et al ., ; Guarnaccia et al ., ; Wikee et al ., ; Wulandari et al ., ). Citrus black spot (CBS) is an economically important foliar and fruit disease caused by P. citricarpa (Baldassari et al ., ; Kotzé, ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phyllosticta citricarpa and sister species of global importance to Citrus

Guarnaccia

Gehrmann

Silva

et al. 2019

Molecular Plant Pathology

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Summary Several Phyllosticta species are known as pathogens of Citrus spp., and are responsible for various disease symptoms including leaf and fruit spots. One of the most important species is P. citricarpa, which causes a foliar and fruit disease called citrus black spot. The Phyllosticta species occurring on citrus can most effectively be distinguished from P. citricarpa by means of multilocus DNA sequence data. Recent studies also demonstrated P. citricarpa to be heterothallic, and reported successful mating in the laboratory. Since the domestication of citrus, different clones of P. citricarpa have escaped Asia to other continents via trade routes, with obvious disease management consequences. This pathogen profile represents a comprehensive literature review of this pathogen and allied taxa associated with citrus, focusing on identification, distribution, genomics, epidemiology and disease management. This review also considers the knowledge emerging from seven genomes of Phyllosticta spp., demonstrating unknown aspects of these species, including their mating behaviour. Taxonomy Phyllosticta citricarpa (McAlpine) Aa, 1973. Kingdom Fungi, Phylum Ascomycota, Class Dothideomycetes, Order Botryosphaeriales, Family Phyllostictaceae, Genus Phyllosticta, Species citricarpa. Host range Confirmed on more than 12 Citrus species, Phyllosticta citricarpa has only been found on plant species in the Rutaceae. Disease symptoms P. citricarpa causes diverse symptoms such as hard spot, virulent spot, false melanose and freckle spot on fruit, and necrotic lesions on leaves and twigs. Useful websites DOE Joint Genome Institute MycoCosm portals for the Phyllosticta capitalensis (https://genome.jgi.doe.gov/Phycap1), P. citriasiana (https://genome.jgi.doe.gov/Phycit1), P. citribraziliensis (https://genome.jgi.doe.gov/Phcit1), P. citrichinaensis (https://genome.jgi.doe.gov/Phcitr1), P. citricarpa (https://genome.jgi.doe.gov/Phycitr1, https://genome.jgi.doe.gov/Phycpc1), P. paracitricarpa (https://genome.jgi.doe.gov/Phy27169) genomes. All available Phyllosticta genomes on MycoCosm can be viewed at https://genome.jgi.doe.gov/Phyllosticta.

show abstract

“…The geographical distribution of P. citricarpa shows that it generally occurs in humid regions characterised by rainy summers (Kotzé, 1981(Kotzé, , 2000, but citrus-growing areas in the Eastern Cape Province in South Africa are also affected by CBS (Paul et al, 2005;Yonow et al, 2013;Carstens et al, 2012) and these lie within the arid steppe Köppen-Geiger zones (Kottek et al, 2006;Peel et al, 2007), which also occurs in Spain and islands in the Eastern Mediterranean. It has been stated that P. citricarpa has failed to establish in Mediterranean climates (Paul et al, 2005;Yonow et al, 2013), but the extent to which the pathogen has or has not become established under Mediterranean climatic Several environmental variables are associated with the biology of P. citricarpa and the epidemiology of CBS.…”

Section: Summary Of the Role Played By Climatic Factors In The Life Cmentioning

confidence: 99%

Scientific Opinion on the risk of Phyllosticta citricarpa (Guignardia citricarpa) for the EU territory with identification and evaluation of risk reduction options

2014

EFS2

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The Panel conducted a risk assessment of Phyllosticta citricarpa for the EU. P. citricarpa causes citrus black spot (CBS) and is absent from the EU. Under the scenario of absence of specific risk reduction options against P. citricarpa, the risk of entry of P. citricarpa was rated as likely for citrus plants for planting and citrus fruit with leaves, moderately likely for citrus fruit without leaves, unlikely for citrus leaves for cooking and very unlikely for Tahiti lime fruit without leaves. Establishment was rated as moderately likely because susceptible hosts are widely available and environmental conditions in many EU citrus-growing areas are suitable (with high uncertainty) for P. citricarpa ascospore production, dispersal and infection. Current fungicide treatments will not prevent establishment. Environmental favourability is increased by the use of sprinkler and micro-sprinkler irrigation in some EU citrus-growing locations. Spread with trade was rated as moderately likely. Model results indicate that CBS epidemics are most likely to develop in EU citrus-growing areas in late summer to early autumn and in some locations also in late spring to early summer. CBS is expected to affect mainly lemons and late-maturing sweet orange and mandarin varieties, with moderate negative consequences for the production of fresh fruit, but with environmental impact of additional fungicide treatments. Negative consequences would be minor for early-maturing citrus varieties and minimal for citrus for processing. Uncertainty concerning the consequences is high, mainly because of the lack of data on critical climate response parameters for the pathogen but also because information on impact in areas at the limits of the current distribution is scarce. Since eradication and containment are difficult, phytosanitary measures should focus on preventing entry. Current phytosanitary measures are evaluated to be effective, with the exception of pest-free production sites. SUMMARYThe European Commission requested EFSA to prepare a pest risk assessment of the citrus black spot (CBS) fungus Guignardia citricarpa Kiely (all strains pathogenic to Citrus), to identify risk reduction options and to evaluate their effectiveness in reducing the risk to plant health posed by this organism in the EU territory. 4 EFSA was also requested to carry out an evaluation of the effectiveness of the present EU requirements 5 for Guignardia citricarpa in reducing the risk of introduction of this harmful organism into the EU. Furthermore, EFSA was requested to assess the risk associated with Citrus latifolia plants, including fruit, for the entry of this organism into the EU.Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA's Scientific Panel on Plant Health (PLH) had undertaken in the summer 2013 a public consultation on the draft Scientific Opinion on the risk to plant health of Phyllosticta citricarpa (Guignardia citricarpa) for the EU territory. The comments received during the public consultation were taken into account and the Scientific O...

show abstract

Citrus black spot is absent in the Western Cape, Northern Cape and Free State Provinces

Cited by 10 publications

References 9 publications

Evaluation of new scientific information on Phyllosticta citricarpa in relation to the EFSA PLH Panel (2014) Scientific Opinion on the plant health risk to the EU

Evaluation of new scientific information on Phyllosticta citricarpa in relation to the EFSA PLH Panel (2014) Scientific Opinion on the plant health risk to the EU

Phyllosticta citricarpa and sister species of global importance to Citrus

Scientific Opinion on the risk of Phyllosticta citricarpa (Guignardia citricarpa) for the EU territory with identification and evaluation of risk reduction options

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About