Letter: monoclonal gammopathy of <scp>HEV</scp> infection. When is it significant? – Authors’ reply

Forbes, Adam; Woolson, K.L.; Dalton, Harry R.

doi:10.1111/apt.13183

Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…Nitration of salicylic acid (SA) with a mixture of nitric acid and acetic acid yields an intermediate, 5‐nitrosalicylic acid (5NSA) which is used in the synthesis of mesalazine, a drug for the treatment of ulcerative colitis 13. Conventionally this nitration is carried out in a batch reactor 14, 15.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Multipoint Dosing Strategy in a Miniaturized Tubular Reactor: Nitration of Salicylic Acid

2014

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A 2D non-isothermal reaction engineering model for a tubular reactor was developed for a complex reaction network of salicylic acid nitration. The influence of different operating and design parameters was studied to minimize the amount of secondary nitration products and limit the maximum temperature inside the reactor. Critical temperature effects were observed for larger reaction tubes, whereas close to isothermal conditions were perceived in smaller tubes. With single-point dosing of both reactants, complete conversion can be achieved but formation of secondary nitration products cannot be avoided. For a given number of dosing points, a suitable combination of the operating parameters allowed to achieve complete conversion and better yield of the desired product.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Multipoint Dosing Strategy in a Miniaturized Tubular Reactor: Nitration of Salicylic Acid

2014

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“…However, the relation between MGUS and HEV remains uncertain. 73 Additionally in one case, thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura relapse induced by acute hepatitis E transmitted by cryosupernatant plasma. HEV infection treated with ribavirin and thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura remitted with remission of HEV infection.…”

Section: Thrombocytopeniamentioning

confidence: 98%

Extrahepatic manifestations of hepatitis E virus: An overview

2020

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Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a significant health problem with approximately 20 million individuals infected annually. HEV infection has been associated with a wide spectrum of extrahepatic manifestations, including neurological, hematological and renal disorders. Guillain-Barré syndrome and neuralgic amyotrophy are the most frequent neurological manifestations. In addition, HEV infection has been observed with other neurological diseases, such as encephalitis, myelitis and Bell's palsy. Hematologic manifestations include anemia due to glucose-6-phospate dehydrogonase deficiency, autoimmune hemolytic anemia and severe thrombocytopenia. Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis and relapse IgA nephropathy with or without coexisting cryoglobulinemia appear to be the most common renal injuries related with HEV infection. Also, HEV infection has been associated with acute pancreatitis and other immune-mediated manifestations, such as arthritis and myocarditis. However, the pathophysiologic mechanisms of HEV-related extrahepatic manifestations are still largely unclear.

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“…These patients present with arthralgia, rash, and myalgia with symptom resolution after treatment of HEV infection [ 90 ]. Documented lymphoproliferative disorders associated with HEV include monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance and CD30-positive cutaneous T-cell lymphoproliferative disorder [ 91 , 92 ]. Consideration of HEV in the workup of hematologic disorders is recommended since treatment of HEV infection can lead to the resolution of these disorders.…”

Section: Extrahepatic Complicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hepatitis E Virus Infections: Epidemiology, Genetic Diversity, and Clinical Considerations

Songtanin

Molehin

Brittan

et al. 2023

Viruses

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According to the World Health Organization, approximately 20 million people worldwide are infected annually with the hepatitis E virus (HEV). There are four main genotypes of HEV. Genotype 1 and genotype 2 are common in developing countries and are transmitted by contaminated water from a fecal–oral route. Genotype 3 and genotype 4 are common in developed countries and can lead to occasional transmission to humans via undercooked meat. Hepatitis E virus 1 and HEV3 can lead to fulminant hepatitis, and HEV3 can lead to chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis in immunocompromised patients. The majority of patients with HEV infection are asymptomatic and usually have spontaneous viral clearance without treatment. However, infection in immunocompromised individuals can lead to chronic HEV infection. Both acute and chronic HEV infections can have extrahepatic manifestations. No specific treatment is required for acute HEV infection, no treatment has been approved in chronic infection, and no HEV vaccine has been approved by the (United States) Food and Drug Administration. This review focuses on the molecular virology (HEV life cycle, genotypes, model systems, zoonosis), pathogenesis, clinical manifestation, and treatment of chronic HEV infection, especially in immunocompromised patients, to provide clinicians a better understanding of the global distribution of these infections and the significant effect they can have on immunocompromised patients.

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Letter: monoclonal gammopathy of HEV infection. When is it significant? – Authors’ reply

Cited by 3 publications

References 2 publications

Evaluation of Multipoint Dosing Strategy in a Miniaturized Tubular Reactor: Nitration of Salicylic Acid

Evaluation of Multipoint Dosing Strategy in a Miniaturized Tubular Reactor: Nitration of Salicylic Acid

Extrahepatic manifestations of hepatitis E virus: An overview

Hepatitis E Virus Infections: Epidemiology, Genetic Diversity, and Clinical Considerations

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