Hepatitis E Virus Infections: Epidemiology, Genetic Diversity, and Clinical Considerations

Songtanin, Busara; Molehin, Adebayo J.; Brittan, Kevin; Manatsathit, Wuttiporn; Nugent, Kenneth

doi:10.3390/v15061389

Cited by 15 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 140 publications

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“…2 In 1988, in California CTV was first found in obviously healthy cutthroat trout ( Oncorhynchus clarkii ) and since then has been established in several different species of trout and Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar ) in New Brunswick, Canada, and North America. 2 , 7 , 12 Two genotypes (CTV-1 and CTV-2) Canadian CTV isolates have been described. 2 , 7 , 12 Infected Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar ) and chinook salmon ( Oncorhynchus tshawytscha ) served as hosts and potential reservoirs of CTV-2.…”

Section: Etiology Of Hevmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…2 , 7 , 12 Two genotypes (CTV-1 and CTV-2) Canadian CTV isolates have been described. 2 , 7 , 12 Infected Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar ) and chinook salmon ( Oncorhynchus tshawytscha ) served as hosts and potential reservoirs of CTV-2. 2 , 7 , 12 Both genotypes CTV-1 and CTV-2 have not been linked with any disease in the fish and do not seem to affect people.…”

Section: Etiology Of Hevmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) Infection Among Immunocompromised Individuals: A Brief Narrative Review

Alexandrova,

Tsachev,

Kirov

et al. 2024

IDR

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Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a single-stranded positive-sense RNA virus that belongs to Hepeviridae family. HEV is the most common cause of acute viral hepatitis worldwide. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), there are estimated 20 million HEV infections worldwide every year, leading to estimated 3.3 million symptomatic cases of HEV infection. The WHO estimates that HEV infection caused approximately 44,000 deaths in 2015, which represents 3.3% of mortality rates due to viral hepatitis. In low-income (LI) countries and lower-middle-income (LMI) countries, HEV is a waterborne infection induced by HEV genotype (gt) 1 and HEV gt 2 that cause large outbreaks and affect young individuals with a high mortality rate in pregnant women from South Asian countries and patients with liver diseases. HEV gt 3, HEV gt 4, and HEV gt 7 are responsible for sporadic infections with zoonotic transmission mainly through the consumption of raw or undercooked meat from different animals. Acute HEV infection is relatively asymptomatic or mild clinical form, in rare cases the disease can be moderate/severe clinical forms and result in fulminant hepatitis or acute liver failure (ALF). Furthermore, HEV infection is associated with extrahepatic manifestations, including renal and neurological clinical signs and symptoms. Pregnant women, infants, older people, immunocompromised individuals, patients with comorbidities, and workers who come into close contact with HEV-infected animals are recognized as major risk groups for severe clinical form of HEV infection and fatal outcome. Chronic HEV infection can occur in immunocompromised individuals with the possibility of progression to cirrhosis.

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Section: Etiology Of Hevmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Etiology Of Hevmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) Infection Among Immunocompromised Individuals: A Brief Narrative Review

Alexandrova,

Tsachev,

Kirov

et al. 2024

IDR

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“…This underscores the significance of host immunity as a crucial factor influencing the outcome of the disease. In addition, HEV infection is associated with a broad range of extrahepatic manifestations, including renal and neurological disorders (Songtanin et al, 2023) . The Orthohepevirus A species of the Orthohepevirus genus contains five HEV genotypes (gt) that are pathogenic in humans.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hepatitis E Virus-induced antiviral response by plasmacytoid dendritic cells is modulated by the ORF2 protein

Joshi,

Décembre,

Brocard

et al. 2024

Preprint

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Type I and III interferons (IFN-I/III) are critical to protect the host during viral infection. IFN-mediated antiviral responses against hepatitis E virus (HEV) are suppressed and defeated by viral escape mechanisms at play in infected hepatocytes. Here, we studied the anti-HEV function of IFN secreted by plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs), which are specialized producers of IFNs. We showed that pDCs co-cultured with HEV-infected cells secreted IFN in a cell-to-cell contact-dependent manner. Pharmacological inhibitor and antibodies targeting contact proteins revealed that pDC response against HEV required the endosomal nucleic-acid sensor TLR7 and adhesion molecules, such as ICAM-I and αLβ2-integrin. IFNs secreted by pDCs reduced viral spread. Intriguingly, ORF2, the capsid protein of HEV, can be produced in various forms by the infected cells. During infection, a fraction of the intracellular ORF2 protein localizes into the nucleus while another ORF2 fraction packages viral genomes to produce infectious virions. In parallel, glycosylated forms of ORF2 are also massively secreted by infected cells. Using viral genome expressing ORF2 mutants, we showed that glycosylated ORF2 forms contribute to better recognition of infected cells by pDCs by regulating contacts between infected cells and pDCs. ORF2 forms may thus modulate pDC-mediated anti-HEV response. Together, our results suggest that liver-resident pDCs, which exhibit comparable IFN-producing ability as blood-derived pDCs, may be essential to control HEV replication.

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“…Genotypes HEV-3 to HEV-8 infect various mammal species; HEV-3 and HEV-4 circulate mainly in wild and domestic pigs and deer and are the main cause of autochthonous zoonotic infection in humans in industrial countries [ 3 ]. HEV-3 and HEV-4 infections in animals and immunocompetent humans are often asymptomatic and self-limited [ 4 ]. HEV-5 and HEV-6 have been identified in wild boars and are not isolated from humans so far, while HEV-7 and HEV-8 has been identified in camelids, with HEV-7 confirmed to cause zoonotic infections in humans [ 5 , 6 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hepatitis E Virus Infection in Voluntary Blood Donors in the Russian Federation

Potemkin,

Kyuregyan,

Karlsen

et al. 2024

Viruses

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Transfusion-transmitted hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection is an increasing concern in many countries. We investigated the detection rate of HEV viremia in blood donors in Russia. A total of 20,405 regular repetitive voluntary non-renumerated blood donors from two regions (Moscow and Belgorod) were screened for HEV RNA using the cobas® HEV test in mini-pools of six plasma samples. Samples from each reactive pool were tested individually. The average HEV RNA prevalence was 0.024% (95% CI: 0.01–0.05%), or 1 case per 4081 donations. No statistically significant differences in HEV RNA prevalence were observed between the two study regions. The PCR threshold cycle (Ct) values ranged from 25.0 to 40.5 in reactive pools, and from 20.9 to 41.4 in reactive plasma samples when tested individually. The HEV viremic donors had different antibody patterns. Two donor samples were reactive for both anti-HEV IgM and IgG antibodies, one sample was reactive for anti-HEV IgM and negative for anti-HEV IgG, and two samples were seronegative. At follow-up testing 6 months later, on average, four donors available for follow-up had become negative for HEV RNA and positive for anti-HEV IgG. The HEV ORF2 sequence belonging to HEV-3 sub-genotype 3a was obtained from one donor sample. The sequencing failed in the other four samples from viremic donors, presumably due to the low viral load. In conclusion, the HEV RNA detection rate in blood donors in Russia corresponds with data from other European countries, including those that implemented universal donor HEV screening. These data support the implementation of HEV RNA donor screening to reduce the risk of transfusion-transmitted HEV infection in Russia.

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Hepatitis E Virus Infections: Epidemiology, Genetic Diversity, and Clinical Considerations

Cited by 15 publications

References 140 publications

Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) Infection Among Immunocompromised Individuals: A Brief Narrative Review

Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) Infection Among Immunocompromised Individuals: A Brief Narrative Review

Hepatitis E Virus-induced antiviral response by plasmacytoid dendritic cells is modulated by the ORF2 protein

Hepatitis E Virus Infection in Voluntary Blood Donors in the Russian Federation

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