Lethal influenza B myocarditis in a child and review of the literature for pediatric age groups

Frank, Hugh A.; Wittekind, Ch.; Liebert, Uwe G.; Siekmeyer, Manuela; Siekmeyer, Werner; Schuster, Verónica; Kieß, Wieland

doi:10.1007/s15010-010-0013-4

Cited by 28 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 33 publications

(29 reference statements)

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“…The most commonly reported arrhythmias are atrioventricular conduction block [44,45] and ventricular fibrillation [42,[46][47][48]. Cardiac arrhythmias in influenza infection are mostly secondary to underlying fulminant myocarditis.…”

Section: Cardiac Arrhythmiasmentioning

confidence: 99%

The cardiovascular manifestations of influenza: A systematic review

Raisi‐Estabragh

Mamas

2013

International Journal of Cardiology

149

116

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Section: Cardiac Arrhythmiasmentioning

confidence: 99%

The cardiovascular manifestations of influenza: A systematic review

Raisi‐Estabragh

Mamas

2013

International Journal of Cardiology

149

116

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“…Other extrapulmonary complications include central nervous system involvement, such as viral encephalitis and encephalopathy, gastrointestinal symptoms, or myositis (Craver et al, 1997; Frank et al, 2010; Muneuchi et al, 2009; Newland et al, 2003; Tabbutt et al, 2004; Wright, 2006). Additional studies designed specifically for populations with influenza B virus infections are needed to properly estimate the burden of complications.…”

Section: Epidemiology and Clinical Manifestation Of Infection Causmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neuraminidase inhibitors for influenza B virus infection: Efficacy and resistance

2013

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Many aspects of the biology and epidemiology of influenza B viruses are far less studied than for influenza A viruses, and one of these aspects is effectiveness and resistance to the clinically available antiviral drugs, the neuraminidase (NA) inhibitors (NAIs). Acute respiratory infections are one of the leading causes of death in children and adults, and influenza is among the few respiratory infections that can be prevented and treated by vaccination and antiviral treatment. Recent data has suggested that influenza B virus infections are of specific concern to pediatric patients because of the increased risk of severe disease. Treatment of influenza B is a challenging task for the following reasons: NAIs (e.g., oseltamivir and zanamivir) are the only FDA-approved class of antivirals available for treatment;the data suggest that oseltamivir is less effective than zanamivir in pediatric patients;zanamivir is not prescribed to patients younger than 7;influenza B viruses are less susceptible than influenza A viruses to NAIs in vitro;although the level of resistance to NAIs is low, the number of different molecular markers of resistance is higher than for influenza A viruses, and they are not well defined;the relationship between levels of NAI phenotypic resistance and known molecular markers, frequency of emergence, transmissibility, and fitness of NAI-resistant variants are not well established. This review presents current knowledge of the effectiveness of NAIs for influenza B virus and antiviral resistance in clinical, surveillance, and experimental studies.

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“…Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has shown focal left ventricle edema on T2-weighted images, increased global relative enhancement on the T1-weighted gradient inversion recovery sequence, and epicardial late gadolinium enhancement (Weiss et al, 2010). Endomyocardial biopsies or myocardial examination at autopsy usually demonstrate multiple foci of active inflammation, focal edema, and varying degrees of myocyte degeneration or necrosis (Engblom et al, 1983;Bratincsak et al, 2010;Frank et al, 2010). Influenza virus occasionally is recovered from heart muscle or by PCR assays for influenza RNA of cardiac muscle but careful blood controls to rule out a viremic or nearby infected lung contamination are lacking (Kaji et al, 1959;Engblom et al, 1983;Bratincsak et al, 2010;Frank et al, 2010).…”

Section: Myocarditis Associated With Influenzamentioning

confidence: 99%