“…Sublethal effects have been described as effects on the physiology and behavior of an individual that survives exposure to an insecticide or toxin at the sublethal or lethal dose/concentration ( Desneux et al, 2007 ). Numerous studies have been carried out on this problem which showed that insect pests exposed to these lethal or sublethal doses or concentrations of toxicants go through several physiological and behavior impairments, hormesis, and better tolerance for chemical materials ( Desneux et al, 2006 ; Tan et al, 2012 ; Guedes et al, 2016 ; Yousaf et al, 2018 ; Lv et al, 2021 ; Zhang et al, 2021 ). Besides mortality, sublethal effects of insecticides may be manifested in many ways, such as biological and behavioral parameters including developmental time, fecundity, longevity, sex ratio, feeding activity, predation rate, orientation, and mobility.…”