“…The ATF model stands out among methods based on deterministic approaches to characterize the turbulence-flame interaction in turbulent spray flames [9,10,17,20,21]. This model showed a great capability to predict the behavior of turbulent spray flames in the Eulerian-Eulerian two-phase flow approach (e.g., [9,17]) as well as in the Euler-Lagrangian framework (e.g., [10,20,21]). Initially proposed to model laminar premixed flames [26], the ATF was gradually expanded to address turbulent premixed [27,28] and stratified flames [29].…”