Leptin and Prolactin, but not Corticosterone, Modulate Body Weight and Thyroid Function in Protein-malnourished Lactating Rats

Lisboa, Patrícia Cristina; Passos, M. C. F.; Dutra, Sheila Cristina Potente; Bonomo, I; Denolato, A. T. A.; Reis, Adelina M.; Moura, Egberto Gaspar de

doi:10.1055/s-2006-925390

Cited by 28 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…We found that during lactation, maternal nutrition can program body weight (15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21)31) and thyroid function (7,13) of their offspring in adult life. So, reinforcing our previous report, the present study provides evidence that maternal protein restriction, during lactation, programs others parameters of the thyroid function in the adult offspring, which helps in understanding observed hyper-thyroidism.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Neonatal Low-Protein Diet Changes Deiodinase Activities and Pituitary TSH Response to TRH in Adult Rats

Lisboa

Fagundes

Denolato

et al. 2008

Exp Biol Med (Maywood)

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Protein malnutrition during neonatal programs for a lower body weight and hyperthyroidism in the adult offspring were analyzed. Liver deiodinase is increased in such animals, contributing to the high serum triiodothyronine (T3) levels. The level of deiodinase activities in other tissues is unknown. We analyzed the effect of maternal protein restriction during lactation on thyroid, skeletal muscle, and pituitary deiodinase activities in the adult offspring. For pituitary evaluation, we studied the in vitro, thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)-stimulated thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion. Lactating Wistar rats and their pups were divided into a control (C) group, fed a normal diet (23% protein), and a protein-restricted (PR) group, fed a diet containing 8% protein. At weaning, pups in both groups were fed a normal diet until 180 days old. The pituitary gland was incubated before and after TRH stimulation, and released TSH was measured by radioimmunoassay. Deiodinase activities (D1 and D2) were determined by release of (125)I from [(125)I]reverse triiodothyronine (rT3). Maternal protein malnutrition during lactation programs the adult offspring for lower muscle D2 (-43%, P<0.05) and higher muscle D1 (+83%, P<0.05) activities without changes in thyroidal deiodinase activities, higher pituitary D2 activity (1.5 times, P<0.05), and lower TSH response to in vitro TRH (-56%, P<0.05). The evaluations showed that the lower in vivo TSH detected in adult PR hyperthyroid offspring, programmed by neonatal undernutrition, may be caused by an increment of pituitary deiodination. As described for liver, higher skeletal muscle D1 activity suggests a hyperthyroid status. Our data broaden the knowledge about the adaptive changes to malnutrition during lactation and reinforce the concept of neonatal programming of the thyroid function.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Neonatal Low-Protein Diet Changes Deiodinase Activities and Pituitary TSH Response to TRH in Adult Rats

Lisboa

Fagundes

Denolato

et al. 2008

Exp Biol Med (Maywood)

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“…In terms of body weight regulation, hyperprolactinemia in men and nonpregnant women may be accompanied by weight gain (Sobrinho, 2003). Inhibition of PRL function by bromocryptine (Lisboa et al, 2006; Bonomo et al, 2007, 2008; de Moura et al, 2009) and knockout of the PRL gene (Freemark et al, 2001) have also been reported to induce changes in food intake, weight gain, and/or body fat metabolism, although the outcomes differed depending on the species, sex, and timing of exposure. The results of our and earlier studies address the possibility that PRL may play a critical role in IS‐induced metabolic programming.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Maternal stress affects postnatal growth and the pituitary expression of prolactin in mouse offspring

et al. 2010

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Maternal stress exerts long-lasting psychiatric and somatic on offspring, which persist into adulthood. However, the effect of maternal stress on the postnatal growth of pups has not been widely reported. In this study, we found that maternal immobilization stress (IS) during lactation resulted in low body weight of male mouse offspring, which persisted after weaning. Despite free access to chow, IS induced maternal malnutrition and decreased the serum insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) levels in the mothers and in the pups. mRNA expression analysis of anterior pituitary hormones in the pups revealed that growth hormone (GH) and prolactin (PRL), but no other hormones, were decreased by IS. Expression of the pituitary transcription factor PIT1 and isoforms of PITX2, which are essential for the development and function of GH-producing somatotropes and PRL-producing lactotropes, was decreased, whereas that of PROP1, which is critical for the earlier stages of pituitary development, was unchanged. Immunohistochemistry also showed a decrease in pituitary PRL protein expression. These results suggest that stress in a postpartum mother has persistent effects on the body weight of the offspring. Reduced PRL expression in the offspring's pituitary gland may play a role in these effects.

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“…This result was expected due to the lower maternal PR diet intake until weaning. It is known that PR lactating dams present hypophagia and it may be caused by the combination of hyperleptinemia and hypoprolactinemia [14] , once leptin is anorexigenic and PRL is orexigenic. Those PRL changes explain the milk protein deficiency and lower volume.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Temporal Evaluation of Body Composition, Glucose Homeostasis and Lipid Profile of Male Rats Programmed by Maternal Protein Restriction During Lactation

et al. 2009

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Neonatal protein restriction causes lower body weight and hormonal dysfunctions in 6 months-old rats. In this model, we studied the body composition, glycogen content, serum lipid, serum protein, and hormones related to glucose homeostasis in the offspring during development. At birth, lactating rats were divided into: control dams - fed a normal diet (23% protein) and protein restricted dams - fed a diet with 8% protein. After weaning, pups received normal diet. Offspring were killed at 21, 90, and 180 days-old. Protein restricted offspring showed lower visceral fat (90th day: 14%; 180th day: 19%) and lower total fat (90th day: 16%; 180th day: 14%) that explain their lower body weight. They presented lower glycemia (180th day: 17%), lower insulinemia (21st day: 63%; 180th day: 24%), higher adiponectinemia (21st day: 169%), higher liver glycogen (21st day: 104%), and higher muscle glycogen (180th day: 106%), suggesting a higher insulin sensitivity. The higher serum corticosterone (50%), higher adrenal total catecholamines content (98%) as well as in vitro catecholamine secretion (26%) of adult protein restricted offspring, suggest a programming stimulatory effect upon adrenal gland. They also presented several biochemical changes, such as lower serum total protein, albumin and globulin (21st day: 17, 21, 12%, respectively), higher LDL-c (21st day: 69%), lower triglycerides (21st day: 42%; 90th day: 39%), and lower total cholesterol (180th day: 16%). Thus, maternal protein restriction during lactation induces an energy-protein malnutrition, characterized by an impairment of the pup's protein anabolism and, after weaning, the lower adiposity suggests lower lipogenesis and higher lipolytic activity, probably caused by catecholamine and glucocorticoid action.

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Leptin and Prolactin, but not Corticosterone, Modulate Body Weight and Thyroid Function in Protein-malnourished Lactating Rats

Cited by 28 publications

References 31 publications

Neonatal Low-Protein Diet Changes Deiodinase Activities and Pituitary TSH Response to TRH in Adult Rats

Neonatal Low-Protein Diet Changes Deiodinase Activities and Pituitary TSH Response to TRH in Adult Rats

Maternal stress affects postnatal growth and the pituitary expression of prolactin in mouse offspring

Temporal Evaluation of Body Composition, Glucose Homeostasis and Lipid Profile of Male Rats Programmed by Maternal Protein Restriction During Lactation

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