Leptin and Ghrelin in Excessive Gestational Weight Gain—Association between Mothers and Offspring

Patro-Małysza, Jolanta; Trojnar, Marcin; Skórzyńska-Dziduszko, Katarzyna; Kimber-Trojnar, Żaneta; Darmochwał-Kolarz, Dorota; Czuba, Monika; Leszczyńska‐Gorzelak, Bożena

doi:10.3390/ijms20102398

Cited by 24 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…The results of two birth cohort studies found that excessive GWG correlated with greater leptin levels in either cord blood or post-delivery maternal serum [ 53 ]. Patro-Małysza et al [ 54 ] also reported greater umbilical cord leptin levels in neonates born to mothers with excessive GWG. Further, Vargas-Aguirre at al [ 55 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Maternal excessive gestational weight gain as a risk factor for autism spectrum disorder in offspring: a systematic review

Kheirouri

Alizadeh

2020

BMC Pregnancy Childbirth

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Background Abnormal gestational weight gain (GWG) is a prenatal complication that may contribute to long-term behavioral and neurodevelopmental differences in offspring. This systematic review summarizes research on the association between maternal GWG and risk of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in offspring. Methods Google and electronic databases, including PubMed, SCOPUS, Embase, Cochrane Library and Google Scholar, were searched for original human studies published in English through June 2020. Articles that examined the association between GWG and risk of ASD in offspring were included. Duplicate and irrelevant studies were removed; and data were obtained through critical analysis. Results Of 96 articles searched, eight studies were included in the final review. All studies (n = 7) investigating the association of maternal excessive GWG with risk of ASD in offspring indicated that high GWG was independently associated with an increased risk of ASD. Of five studies investigating the association of inadequate GWG with the risk of ASD, four indicated that low GWG was not associated with an increased risk of ASD. Of seven studies examining the association of maternal pre-pregnancy BMI or weight with the risk of ASD, five reported that maternal pre-pregnancy BMI or weight did not appear to be independently associated with risk of ASD. The GWG-ASD association is independent of maternal BMI and child’s intellectual disability, but offspring’s genetic susceptibility connection to the GWG-ASD association remains a topic of debate. Conclusions The findings suggest that maternal excessive GWG may be associated with increased risk of ASD in offspring. However, insufficient GWG does not appear to have such association.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Maternal excessive gestational weight gain as a risk factor for autism spectrum disorder in offspring: a systematic review

Kheirouri

Alizadeh

2020

BMC Pregnancy Childbirth

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“…It is believed that the underlying cause of macrosomia can be disorders accompanying obesity, such as insulin resistance and hyper insulinemia as well as dysregulation of functioning of numerous neurohormones and cytokines, chronic inflammation, intensive oxidative stress, and epigenetic changes [ 1 , 45 , 48 ]. Among others, intensified placental transport of glucose and amino acids to the fetus and its higher mass were found in women and animals using a diet that favors obesity [ 45 , 49 , 50 , 51 ]. Changed transport of lipids in the placenta was found in obese women with GDM which can contribute to fetus overgrowth [ 52 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of Maternal Weight in the Hierarchy of Macrosomia Predictors; Overall Effect of Analysis of Three Prediction Indicators

Lewandowska

2021

Nutrients

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So far it has not been established which maternal features play the most important role in newborn macrosomia. The aim of this study is to provide assessment of a hierarchy of twenty six (26) maternal characteristics in macrosomia prediction. A Polish prospective cohort of women with singleton pregnancy (N = 912) which was recruited in the years 2015−2016 has been studied. Two analyses were performed: for probability of macrosomia >4000 g (n = 97) (vs. 755 newborns 2500−4000 g); and for birthweight >90th percentile (n = 99) (vs. 741 newborns 10−90th percentile). A multiple logistic regression was used (with 95% confidence intervals (CI)). A hierarchy of significance of potential predictors was established after summing up of three prediction indicators (NRI, IDI and AUC) calculated for the basic prediction model (maternal age + parity) extended with one (test) predictor. ‘Net reclassification improvement’ (NRI) focuses on the reclassification table describing the number of women in whom an upward or downward shift in the disease probability value occurred after a new factor had been added, including the results for healthy and ill women. ‘Integrated discrimination improvement’ (IDI) shows the difference between the value of mean change in predicted probability between the group of ill and healthy women when a new factor is added to the model. The area under curve (AUC) is a commonly used indicator. Results. The macrosomia risk was the highest for prior macrosomia (AOR = 7.53, 95%CI: 3.15−18.00), p < 0.001). A few maternal characteristics were associated with more than three times higher macrosomia odds ratios, e.g., maternal obesity and gestational age ≥38 weeks. A different hierarchy was shown by the prediction study. Compared to the basic prediction model (AUC = 0.564 (0.501−0.627), p = 0.04), AUC increased most when pre-pregnancy weight (kg) was added to the base model (AUC = 0.706 (0.649−0.764), p < 0.001). The values of IDI and NRI were also the highest for the model with maternal weight (IDI = 0.061 (0.039−0.083), p < 0.001), and NRI = 0.538 (0.33−0.746), p < 0.001). Adding another factor to the base model was connected with significantly weaker prediction, e.g., for gestational age ≥ 38 weeks (AUC = 0.602 (0.543−0.662), p = 0.001), IDI = 0.009 (0.004; 0.013), p<0.001), and NRI = 0.155 (0.073; 0.237), p<0.001). After summing up the effects of NRI, IDI and AUC, the probability of macrosomia was most strongly improved (in order) by: pre-pregnancy weight, body mass index (BMI), excessive gestational weight gain (GWG) and BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2. Maternal height, prior macrosomia, fetal sex-son, and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) occupied an intermediate place in the hierarchy. The main conclusions: newer prediction indicators showed that (among 26 features) excessive pre-pregnancy weight/BMI and excessive GWG played a much more important role in macrosomia prediction than other maternal characteristics. These indicators more strongly highlighted the differences between predictors than the results of commonly used odds ratios.

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“…Unsurprisingly, birth weight was shown to be a determinant of umbilical cord ghrelin concentrations in infants [56]. In addition, a negative relation between ghrelin concentration in cord blood and head circumference was observed in girls but not boys in one study [55], in both in another report [53], while in a third study a positive correlation between cord blood ghrelin and head circumference was shown to be independent from sex [51]. In only boys and not girls, acyl ghrelin in the umbilical cord additionally correlated negatively with abdominal and thigh circumference [55].…”

Section: Umbilical Cordmentioning

confidence: 81%

“…While it was observed in one investigation that maternal plasma acyl ghrelin was higher than acyl ghrelin concentration in the cord blood [47], another study reported a contrary finding [48], and a third study found no difference between ghrelin concentration in the umbilical cord blood and in maternal serum [49]. Similarly inconsistent, one study found a positive [48], while other studies found no [50] or negative [51] correlation between umbilical cord ghrelin and maternal circulating levels. Lastly, total ghrelin levels were not correlated but acyl ghrelin were positively correlated between maternal and umbilical cord levels [47].…”

Section: Umbilical Cordmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…Consequently, increased umbilical cord blood ghrelin levels were measured in small for gestational age (SGA) neonates [45,46,53] compared to large for gestational age (LGA) infants [56], in newborns with IUGR [50], as well as in growth-restricted infants compared to neonates appropriate for gestational age (AGA) [57]. In contrast, only one report showed a positive correlation between cord blood ghrelin and neonatal weight and length [51]. Unsurprisingly, birth weight was shown to be a determinant of umbilical cord ghrelin concentrations in infants [56].…”

Section: Umbilical Cordmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Role of the Gastric Hormones Ghrelin and Nesfatin-1 in Reproduction

Schalla

Stengel

2021

IJMS

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Ghrelin and nesfatin-1 are enteroendocrine peptide hormones expressed in rat X/A-like and human P/D1cells of the gastric mucosa. Besides their effect on food intake, both peptides are also implicated in various other physiological systems. One of these is the reproductive system. This present review illustrates the distribution of ghrelin and nesfatin-1 along the hypothalamus–pituitary–gonadal (HPG) axis, their modulation by reproductive hormones, and effects on reproductive functions as well as highlighting gaps in current knowledge to foster further research.

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Leptin and Ghrelin in Excessive Gestational Weight Gain—Association between Mothers and Offspring

Cited by 24 publications

References 53 publications

Maternal excessive gestational weight gain as a risk factor for autism spectrum disorder in offspring: a systematic review

Maternal excessive gestational weight gain as a risk factor for autism spectrum disorder in offspring: a systematic review

The Role of Maternal Weight in the Hierarchy of Macrosomia Predictors; Overall Effect of Analysis of Three Prediction Indicators

The Role of the Gastric Hormones Ghrelin and Nesfatin-1 in Reproduction

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