Lentinula edodes Genome Survey and Postharvest Transcriptome Analysis

Sakamoto, Yuichi; Nakade, Keiko; Sato, Shiho; Yoshida, Kentaro; Miyazaki, Katsumi; Natsume, Satoshi; Konno, Naotake

doi:10.1128/aem.02990-16

Cited by 65 publications

(79 citation statements)

References 85 publications

(105 reference statements)

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“…Several putatively FCW‐active CAZymes (Fig. S4), were developmentally regulated, including chitin‐ and glucan‐active glycoside hyrolase (GH) and glycosyl transferase (GT) families, carbohydrate‐binding modules, carbohydrate esterases, AA1 multicopper oxidases and AA9 lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases, reinforcing the view that cell wall remodeling is a fundamental mechanism in fruiting body development (Sakamoto et al ., , , ; Busch & Braus, ; Martin et al ., ; Buser et al ., ; Ohm et al ., ; Konno & Sakamoto, ; Krizsán et al ., ). Two of 10 members of the Kre9/Knh1 family were developmentally regulated.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Comparative genomics reveals unique wood‐decay strategies and fruiting body development in the Schizophyllaceae

et al. 2019

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Summary Agaricomycetes are fruiting body‐forming fungi that produce some of the most efficient enzyme systems to degrade wood. Despite decades‐long interest in their biology, the evolution and functional diversity of both wood‐decay and fruiting body formation are incompletely known. We performed comparative genomic and transcriptomic analyses of wood‐decay and fruiting body development in Auriculariopsis ampla and Schizophyllum commune (Schizophyllaceae), species with secondarily simplified morphologies, an enigmatic wood‐decay strategy and weak pathogenicity to woody plants. The plant cell wall‐degrading enzyme repertoires of Schizophyllaceae are transitional between those of white rot species and less efficient wood‐degraders such as brown rot or mycorrhizal fungi. Rich repertoires of suberinase and tannase genes were found in both species, with tannases restricted to Agaricomycetes that preferentially colonize bark‐covered wood, suggesting potential complementation of their weaker wood‐decaying abilities and adaptations to wood colonization through the bark. Fruiting body transcriptomes revealed a high rate of divergence in developmental gene expression, but also several genes with conserved expression patterns, including novel transcription factors and small‐secreted proteins, some of the latter which might represent fruiting body effectors. Taken together, our analyses highlighted novel aspects of wood‐decay and fruiting body development in an important family of mushroom‐forming fungi.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Comparative genomics reveals unique wood‐decay strategies and fruiting body development in the Schizophyllaceae

et al. 2019

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“…Vetchinkina et al (52) reported that chi1 showed a higher transcription level at the mycelial mat, primordium, and fruiting body stages of L. edodes than at vegetative mycelium. Sakamoto et al (51) found that the transcription levels of chi1 and chi3, as well as chitinase activity, increased in postharvest fruiting bodies of L. edodes. These transcriptome analyses indicated that the homologs of C. cinerea chitinase ChiE1 and ChiIII are important for cell wall degradation in L. edodes.…”

Section: Figmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chitinases Play a Key Role in Stipe Cell Wall Extension in the Mushroom Coprinopsis cinerea

Zhou

Kang

Liu

et al. 2019

Appl Environ Microbiol

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The elongation growth of the mushroom stipe is a characteristic but not well-understood morphogenetic event of basidiomycetes. We found that extending native stipe cell walls of Coprinopsis cinerea were associated with the release of N-acetylglucosamine and chitinbiose and with chitinase activity. Two chitinases among all detected chitinases from C. cinerea, ChiE1 and ChiIII, reconstituted heatinactivated stipe wall extension and released N-acetylglucosamine and chitinbiose. Interestingly, both ChiE1 and ChiIII hydrolyze insoluble crystalline chitin powder, while other C. cinerea chitinases do not, suggesting that crystalline chitin components of the stipe cell wall are the target of action for ChiE1 and ChiIII. ChiE1-or ChiIII-reconstituted heat-inactivated stipe walls showed maximal extension activity at pH 4.5, consistent with the optimal pH for native stipe wall extension in vitro; ChiE1or ChiIII-reconstituted heat-inactivated stipe wall extension activities were associated with stipe elongation growth regions; and the combination of ChiE1 and ChiIII showed a synergism to reconstitute heat-inactivated stipe wall extension at a low action concentration. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) images showed that the inner surface of acid-induced extended native stipe cell walls and ChiE1-or ChiIII-reconstituted extended heat-inactivated stipe cell walls exhibited a partially broken parallel microfibril architecture; however, these broken transversely arranged microfibrils were not observed in the unextended stipe cell walls that were induced by neutral pH buffer or heat inactivation. Double knockdown of ChiE1 and ChiIII resulted in the reduction of stipe elongation, mycelium growth, and heatsensitive cell wall extension of native stipes. These results indicate a chitinasehydrolyzing mechanism for stipe cell wall extension. IMPORTANCE A remarkable feature in the development of basidiomycete fruiting bodies is stipe elongation growth that results primarily from manifold cell elongation. Some scientists have suggested that stipe elongation is the result of enzymatic hydrolysis of cell wall polysaccharides, while other scientists have proposed the possibility that stipe elongation results from nonhydrolytic disruption of the hydrogen bonds between cell wall polysaccharides. Here, we show direct evidence for a chitinase-hydrolyzing mechanism of stipe cell wall elongation in the model mushroom Coprinopsis cinerea that is different from the expansin nonhydrolysis mechanism of plant cell wall extension. We presumed that in the growing stipe cell walls, parallel chitin microfibrils are tethered by ␤-1,6-branched ␤-1,3-glucans, and that the breaking of the tether by chitinases leads to separation of these microfibrils to increase their spacing for insertion of new synthesized chitin and ␤-1,3-glucans under turgor pressure in vivo.O ne of the remarkable characteristics of the development of basidiomycete fruiting bodies is stipe elongation growth that results primarily from manifold cell elongation (1-5). The ...

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“…The orthologs of FvCPC2 were highly conserved and widespread in different edible mushrooms. Most of the FvCPC2 ortholog encoding genes specifically expressed during fruiting body development in mushroom species (Yu et al, 2012;Zhang et al, 2015;Sakamoto et al, 2017). Thus, genes encoding FvCPC2 orthologs in other mushroom species may also have potential application in breeding.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although orthologs of CPC-2 have been predicted in the genomes of several mushrooms, including model mushroom species (C. cinerea and S. commune) and cultivated mushrooms (Flammulina velutipes, Volvariella volvacea, Pleurotus ostreatus, Ganoderma lucidum, and Lentinus edodes) (Ohm et al, 2010;Stajich et al, 2010;Grigoriev et al, 2012;Bao et al, 2013;Park et al, 2014;Riley et al, 2014;Sakamoto et al, 2017), none of them has been functionally characterized. Similarly as that cpc-2 is up-regulated after crossing in N. crassa (Lehr et al, 2014), CPC-2 orthologs have an increased expression during fruiting body development in many mushroom species (Ohm et al, 2010;Yu et al, 2012;Cheng et al, 2013;Liu et al, 2015;Zhang et al, 2015;Sakamoto et al, 2017), suggesting that CPC-2 orthologs are likely involved in fruiting body development in these mushroom species. If it is true, CPC-2 ortholog encoding genes have potential to be a new group of reference genes for mushroom breeding.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A WD40 Protein Encoding Gene Fvcpc2 Positively Regulates Mushroom Development and Yield in Flammulina velutipes

Zhang

et al. 2020

Front. Microbiol.

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Lentinula edodes Genome Survey and Postharvest Transcriptome Analysis

Cited by 65 publications

References 85 publications

Comparative genomics reveals unique wood‐decay strategies and fruiting body development in the Schizophyllaceae

Comparative genomics reveals unique wood‐decay strategies and fruiting body development in the Schizophyllaceae

Chitinases Play a Key Role in Stipe Cell Wall Extension in the Mushroom Coprinopsis cinerea

A WD40 Protein Encoding Gene Fvcpc2 Positively Regulates Mushroom Development and Yield in Flammulina velutipes

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