Lentil

Abstract

Lentil ( Lens culinaris Medik subsp. Culinaris ) is an important cool season food legume grown over a large area in the Indian subcontinent, west Asia, some parts of Africa and southern Europe. Keeping in view its great demand for nutritious seeds, efforts are underway in different research institutes for development of improved plant types with high yielding ability, disease and insect pest resistance, and seed weight. Improvement of grain quality and nutrition are also among the import breeding objectives. While the cultivated germplasm is being utilized for addressing these objectives, even greater genetic variability has been observed in exotic germplasm and wild accessions. A better understanding of the pre-and postfertilization barriers and use of in vitro techniques and hormonal manipulations has improved the possibilities of obtaining viable and fertile interspecifi c hybrids using these wild genetic resources. Consequently, efforts have been made to transfer alien genes from wild species, viz., L. culinaris ssp. orientalis and L. ervoides to cultivated species. Despite these developments, strategies are still need to be developed to employ distant hybridization and alien gene introgression as a routine practice in genetic improvement of lentil. Further, a lot still requires to be done at molecular levels and gene transfer across genome boundaries through genetic transformation in lentil.

Current Perspectives on Introgression Breeding in Food Legumes

“…orientalis ( Gupta and Sharma, 2006 ). Earlier reports have indicated L. ervoides as a good source of alleles for plant architectural traits such as phenology, plant growth habit, and biomass besides seed traits ( Tullu et al, 2011 , 2013 ; Kumar et al, 2014 ). Based on the extensive evaluation of global wild Lens taxa representing 27 countries, Kumar et al (2014) observed wide variation for yield attributing traits, as well as resistance to multiple diseases in L. nigricans and L. ervoides .…”

“…Earlier reports have indicated L. ervoides as a good source of alleles for plant architectural traits such as phenology, plant growth habit, and biomass besides seed traits ( Tullu et al, 2011 , 2013 ; Kumar et al, 2014 ). Based on the extensive evaluation of global wild Lens taxa representing 27 countries, Kumar et al (2014) observed wide variation for yield attributing traits, as well as resistance to multiple diseases in L. nigricans and L. ervoides . Nutritional quality traits in wild Lens showed significant diversity not only for micronutrients ( Sen Gupta et al, 2016 ; Kumar et al, 2018 ) but also for prebiotics, RFO, raffinose, and verbascose ( Tahir et al, 2011 ).…”

“…These CWRs have been used extensively in mainstream breeding, resulting in the development of short-duration biofortified pre-bred lines ( Kumar et al, 2018 ). Wide crosses in lentil have also been mined for transgressive segregants for agronomically important traits ( Kumar et al, 2011 ; 2014 ; Singh et al, 2013 ). More recently, hybridization of the cultivated lentil with L. ervoides using embryo rescue ( Tullu et al, 2013 ) has been reported with successful transfer of resistance to Orobanche crenata and anthracnose in cultivated species ( Fiala et al, 2009 ; Tullu et al, 2011 ).…”

Mixed-Model Assembly Line Balancing in The Process of Assembling Trimming Area to Minimize Workstation Using RPW-MVM Method

“…Balance assembly lines are used generally to improve the assembly process for serial work stations. Assembly line balancing is a technique that is often used by industries that want to implement lean manufacturing systems (Kumar and Mahto, 2013). Measures of efficiency (operational performance) of assembly lines can be measured based on (Damayanti and Toha, 2012): 1.…”

“…Cars manufactured by XYZ Corp has several types of car products such as model A, model B, and model C. The flow of the car assembly process at XYZ Corp is a trimming line and a mechanical line. While the engine, door, tire, and dashboard subassembly process is an assembly sub-process on the assembly line in the production department, according to Kumar and Mahto (2013) the assembly line model at XYZ Corp has the characteristics of a mixed-model assembly line because the company produces several types of products on 1 track and there is no setup time for changes in the types of products assembled.…”