Leisure Time Physical Activity of Park Visitors: Retesting Constraint Models in Adoption and Maintenance Stages

Testing a Structural Model of Psychological Well-Being and Constraints Negotiation in Recreational Sports Participation in Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes

“…They found that the empirical data from company employees fit the mitigation model best; therefore, they argue that constraint triggers negotiation effort, rather than negotiation decreasing constraint. In this study and two others (Son et al, 2008;Wilhelm Stanis et al, 2009), there was no significant relationship between constraint and negotiation. In contrast to Hubbard and Mannell's (2001) and Loucks-Atkinson and Mannell's (2007) studies, our findings indicated that constraint and negotiation work independently and with moderate but opposing influences on participation (Son et al, 2008).…”

“…The two studies that did find significant coefficients reported values of 0.30 and 0.14 (Hubbard & Mannell, 2001;Loucks-Atkinson & Mannell, 2007), respectively. Still, insignificant coefficients for this relationship have been replicated in other studies (Son et al, 2008;Wilhelm Stanis, Schneider, & Russell, 2009).…”

“…However, when Son et al (2008) extended Hubbard and Mannell's model to a sample of middle-aged and older adults in a metropolitan park setting, they found no significant relationship between constraint and negotiation, which suggested a constraint-negotiation dual-channel model. When sampling park visitors during their leisure-time physical activity, Wilhelm Stanis et al (2009) also found an insignificant and negligible relationship between constraint and negotiation (β = 0.02, p > 0.05) as both motivation and cognitive negotiation were controlled. With regard to the relationship between constraints and negotiation, it seems that three possible directions may be possible: trigger (positive), diminish (negative), and being independent (no significant relationship).…”

Developing a Pet Owners' Tourism Constraints Scale – The Constraints to Take Dogs to Tourism Activities

“…To assess the external validity of the measurement scale, criterion validity was examined via correlation coefficients (Kline, ). According to previous studies (Nyaupane et al ., ; White et al ., ; Wilhelm Stanis et al ., ), participants with more constraints are less likely to participate in a given activity. To test the influence of pet constraints on owners' intentions to bring their pets along when participating in tourism activities, a structural model with a path from pet constraints to intentions was tested in amos .…”

“…Moreover, the proposed models have been examined using advanced statistical tools (e.g. Jackson and Scott, ; Jackson, ; Nyaupane et al ., ; Alexandris et al ., ; Son et al ., ; White et al ., ; Funk et al ., ; Wilhelm Stanis et al ., ).…”