Leishmaniases and the Cyprus Paradox

Mazeris, Apostolos; Soteriadou, Ketty; Dédet, J. P.; Haralambous, Christos; Tsatsaris, Andreas; Moschandreas, Joanna; Messaritakis, Ippokratis; Christodoulou, Vasiliki; Papadopoulos, Byron; Ivović, Vladimir; Pratlong, Francine; Loucaides, Fedias; Αντωνίου, Μαρία

doi:10.4269/ajtmh.2010.09-0282

Cited by 59 publications

(91 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…Collection and isolation of the parasites from Greece and Cyprus has been described previously. 1,5 In all experimental trials, the samples used were anonymized. The experiments and procedures described have been approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of the University of Crete Medical School and conform with the European Union Directive 2010/63/EU regarding use of animals and biological specimens in research, as well as the relevant Hellenic legislation (Presidential Decree 160/91, under the Code Numbers 31 EE 05, 31 EΠP 04, and 31EΠ 020).…”

Section: 27mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1,4 The Republic of Cyprus, on the other hand, presents an unusual situation in which two distinct leishmaniasis transmission cycles run in parallel: in dogs with L. infantum (MON-1 and MON-98) and in humans with the newly introduced Leishmania donovani (MON-37). [5][6][7] Natural transmission of the parasite may be zoonotic (L. infantum) using the dog as reservoir host or anthroponotic (L. tropica and L. donovani), and it takes place by the bite of insect vectors and blood-sucking phlebotomine sandflies. Although leishmaniasis is spreading geographically [8][9][10][11] favored by the changing conditions, constituting a serious public health threat, the development of parasite resistance to drugs presents an alarming situation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Geographical Distribution of MDR1 Expression in Leishmania Isolates, from Greece and Cyprus, Measured by the Rhodamine-123 Efflux Potential of the Isolates, Using Flow Cytometry

Tsirigotakis

Christodoulou

Ntais

et al. 2016

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Abstract. Leishmaniasis, a neglected vector-borne disease caused by the protozoan parasite Leishmania, is encountered in 98 countries causing serious concerns to public health. The most alarming is the development of parasite drug resistance, a phenomenon increasingly encountered in the field rendering chemotherapy ineffective. Although resistance to drugs is a complex phenomenon, the rate of efflux of the fluorescent dye Rhodamine-123 from the parasite body, using flow cytometry, is an indication of the isolate's ability to efflux the drug, thus avoiding death. The rate of efflux measured 275 Leishmania strains, isolated from patients and dogs from Greece and Cyprus, was measured and mapped to study the geographical distribution of the multidrug resistance (MDR) gene expression as an indication of the drug resistance of the parasite. The map showed that out of the seven prefectures, where dogs presented high efflux rates, five also had patients with high efflux rates. In one, out of the 59 prefectures studied, the highest number of isolates with efflux slope α > 1, in both human and dog isolates, was found; a fact which may suggest that spread of drug resistance is taking place. The virulence of the Leishmania strains, assessed after infecting human macrophages of the THP-1 cell line, fluctuated from 1% to 59.3% with only 2.5% of the isolates showing infectivity > 50%. The most virulent strains were isolated from Attica and Crete.

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Section: 27mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Geographical Distribution of MDR1 Expression in Leishmania Isolates, from Greece and Cyprus, Measured by the Rhodamine-123 Efflux Potential of the Isolates, Using Flow Cytometry

Tsirigotakis

Christodoulou

Ntais

et al. 2016

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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“…Kıbrıs'ın güney kesiminde L. infantum kaynaklı herhangi bir olgu bildirilmezken, kuzey kesiminde 1985 yılında 2 olan KL olgu sayı-sının 1990 yılına gelindiğinde 36'ya ulaştığı, aynı yıl içerisinde 1 insan VL olgusunun daha L. infantum kaynaklı olduğu tespit edilmiştir (19,26,27 …”

Section: Dna İzolasyonu Ve Pcrunclassified

Kuzey Kıbrıs'ta Kanin Leishmaniasis ve Kum Sineklerinin Epidemiyolojisi

Töz¹,

Ertabaklar²,

Göçmen³

et al. 2013

TurkiyeParazitolDerg

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ÖZETAmaç: Çalışmada, Kuzey Kıbrıs'ta ev ve sokak köpeklerinde kanin leishmaniasis (KanL) prevalansının belirlenmesi ve olası vektör kum sineği türlerinin saptanması amaçlanmıştır. Yöntemler: Araştırma, 2004 ve 2012'de iki ayrı dönemde gerçekleştirilmiş olup birinci dönemde 83 köpekten toplanan kan örnekleri ile serolojik (IFAT, rK39 hızlı tanı testi) ve moleküler (PCR) testler çalışılmıştır. Birinci çalışmada, 13A/13B primer çiftinin kullanıldığı "kinetoplastik minicircle" sabit gen bölgesinin hedeflendiği PCR testi, ikinci dönemde ise klinik şüpheli 5 köpekten toplanan kan örneklerine R221/ R332 ve R223/333 primer setlerinin kullanıldığı genomik nested-PCR testi uygulanmıştır. İkinci çalışmada, bölgedeki faunanın belirlenmesi amacıyla Girne ili ve Lapta kasabasından ışıklı tuzak yardımıyla kum sinekleri toplanmış ve direkt mikroskobi ile Leishmania parazitinin varlığı araştırılmıştır. Bulgular: Toplamda, 2004 yılında rastgele örneklenen 83 köpekten 3 (%3.61) tanesi herhangi bir test ile KanL açısından pozitif bulunurken, 2012 yılında klinik olarak şüpheli 5 köpekten 3 tanesi pozitif bulunmuştur. Toplanan kum sineklerinden 296 dişi diseke edilmiş ve Phlebotomus ile Sergentomyia cinslerine ait 9 tür belirlenmiştir. Dişi kum sineklerinde promastigot şekline rastlanmamıştır. Sonuç: İnsanlarda ve köpeklerde leishmaniasis insidansının belirlenmesi için Kuzey Kıbrıs'ta ileri çalışmalar yapılmalıdır. KanL olgularına doğru ve zamanında tanı konmalı ve yeni enfeksiyonların önlenebilmesi için kontrol önlemleri uygulanmalıdır. İki ayrı dönemde yapılan araştırma sonuçları Kuzey Kıbrıs'ta toplum ve hayvan sağlığı açısından KanL riskinin arttığını ve daha ciddiye alınması gerektiğini göstermektedir. (Turkiye Parazitol Derg 2013; 37: 107-12) Çalışmada ilk olarak kinetoplastidlere özgü primer seti R221 (5'-GGTTCCTTTCCTGATTTACG-3') ve R332 (5'GGCCGGTAAA GGCCGAATAG-3') kullanılarak subunit rRNA gen bölgesi amplifiye edilmiştir (13). Birinci amplifikasyonun koşulları 95°C'de 2 dk'dan sonra, 95 °C'de 1.15 dk, 54 °C'de 1 dk, 72 °C'de 2 dk'dan oluşan 32 siklus sonunda 72 °C'de 10 dk'lık son uzama evresini içermektedir. Birinci amplifikasyon karışımı toplamda 30 μL olup reaksiyon başına 0.24μL 1.25U DNA Taq polimeraz (Roche Applied Sciences), 0.06mM %10'luk (R221-R332) primer seti, 3 μL PCR Results: Three (3.61%) out of 83 dogs were found to be positive for CanL in 2004, while 3 out of 5 clinically suspected dogs were positive in 2012. In total 296 female sand flies were dissected and 9 species belonging to Phlebotomus and Sergentomyia genera were determined. No promastigote was found in the dissected females. Conclusion: The results obtained in two different periods showed that the importance and risk of canine disease are increasing in the northern Cyprus and further studies should be performed in northern Cyprus for determining the incidence of canine and human leishmaniasis. (Turkiye Parazitol Derg 2013; 37: 107-12)

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“…(Kinetoplastida, Trypanosomatidae) are parasitic protozoans transmitted by female sand flies to animals and humans (Schönian et al, 2010). In Europe, three species have been reported so far: L. infantum, which is the predominant species and the agent of canine leishmaniasis (CanL) and of visceral (VL) and cutaneous (CL) forms in humans (Otranto and Dantas-Torres, 2013); anthroponotic L. tropica and L. donovani, which have a focal distribution, occasionally causing VL and CL in Greece and Cyprus (Mazeris et al, 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular Survey on Leishmania Infantum Infection in Red Foxes (Vulpes Vulpes) From Romania

Ionică¹,

Deak²,

Kalmár³

et al. 2017

BUASVMCN-VM

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Leishmania spp. (Kinetoplastida, Trypanosomatidae) are parasitic protozoans transmitted by sand flies to animals and humans. In Europe, the predominant species is Leishmania infantum, the agent of canine leishmaniasis (CanL) and of visceral (VL) and cutaneous (CL) forms in humans. Despite being regarded as a non-endemic country, recent data from Romania have shown the occurrence of autochthonous cases of human and canine infections. The aim of this study was to investigate the occurrence of L.infantum in red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) from Romania. Between December 2016 and April 2017, 514 foxes originating from ten counties of Romania were evaluated and individual conjunctival swab samples were tested for the presence of L. infantum DNA by means of real-time PCR. All samples were negative. However, considering the new national epidemiological context, the importance of the red fox as sentinel and its potential role in the epidemiology of this disease in Romania should not be disregarded in the future.

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Leishmaniases and the Cyprus Paradox

Cited by 59 publications

References 32 publications

Geographical Distribution of MDR1 Expression in Leishmania Isolates, from Greece and Cyprus, Measured by the Rhodamine-123 Efflux Potential of the Isolates, Using Flow Cytometry

Geographical Distribution of MDR1 Expression in Leishmania Isolates, from Greece and Cyprus, Measured by the Rhodamine-123 Efflux Potential of the Isolates, Using Flow Cytometry

Kuzey Kıbrıs'ta Kanin Leishmaniasis ve Kum Sineklerinin Epidemiyolojisi

Molecular Survey on Leishmania Infantum Infection in Red Foxes (Vulpes Vulpes) From Romania

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