Lehrbuch der Paläobotanik

A theory about the evolutionary history of Lachnidae and comments on the results of some molecular phylogenetic studies of aphids (Hemiptera: Aphidoidea)

“…These herbs were probably composites (Asteraceae). Composites became numerous in the middle of the Tertiary (GRAHAM 1996) or later (GOTHAN & WEYLAND (1964), when the world flora changed as a result of climatic changes (HEIE 1994). Steppes and savannas with a lot of grasses and other herbs became dominant in the Miocene (BOULE & PIVETEAU 1935) in large parts of the continents of the northern hemisphere making it possible for many of the aphidids to conquer these herbaceous plants as hosts and also for the lachnids.…”

An Evolutionary Basis for Pollination Ecology

“…These pollen-feeding beetles can carry out pollination in this way (Corner, 1928;Gottsberger, 1970 In Gnetum africanum Waterkeyn (1954) found that there is a correlation between the degree of development of the pollen tube (length) (Crane, 1985), this must have happened much earlier (Muller, 1984 (Hughes, 1976a;Corner, 1964) Muller (1970Muller ( , 1981Muller ( and 1984 and with regard to the macrofossils after Gothan & Weyland (1973) and to some extent after Magdefrau (1968), and for both some of the records of Chesters et al (1967) were taken into account.…”

“…This means that a sistergroup relationship with the Mecoptera as a whole (Kristensen, 1975) Hennig (1969Hennig ( 1981 With the above-mentioned in mind, the idea of Tillyard (1926) (see also Hennig, 1981) Gothan & Weyland (1973) and Maegdefrau (1968). There are no indications that the larvae of the Protocoleoptera lived in other habitats.…”

“…Although pollen grains of zoogamous species are comparatively often found in peats or sediments (see tables 7-3 to 7), they are always infrequent and their occurrence is rather irregular (Faegri & Iversen, 1964;Straka, 1975 (Gothan & Weyland, 1973) and mainly represent peat-inhabiting species (abundant fossil pollen representing herbs is known from the Tertiary, see Muller, 1981 (Antonovics & Bradshaw, 1970 (Muller, 1984 (Gothan & Weyland, 1973 (Sampson, 1963;Tucker & Gifford, 1966;Pervukhina, 1967;Gottsberger, 1977;. Thien (1976) (Doyle, et al, 1975 (Muller, 1970;Dilcher, 1979) or anemophily (Crepet, 1981).…”

“…Gi n k g o C a l l i s t o p h y t o n p e l t a s p e r m s g l o s s o p t e r i d s C a y t o n i a c o r y s t o s p e r m s B e n n e t t i t a l e s P e n t o x y l o n G n e t u m W e l w i t s c h i a E p h e d r a a n g i o s p e r m s (Gothan & Weyland, 1973;Sporne, 1965 Baird (1938) found Coleoptera and Hemiptera on both male and female cones, and possibly pollination by beetles takes place in species of Cycas (Willis, 1966).…”