Legionella occurrence in municipal and industrial wastewater treatment plants and risks of reclaimed wastewater reuse: Review

Caicedo, C.; Rosenwinkel, Karl‐Heinz; Exner, Martin; Verstraete, Willy; Suchenwirth, R; Hartemann, Philippe; Nogueira, R.

doi:10.1016/j.watres.2018.10.080

Cited by 91 publications

(49 citation statements)

References 107 publications

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“…Vector length was limited to 1 mile; a 2-mile limit was used to check the sensitivity of the outcome to the distance. Although some studies reported LD cases were exposed >2 miles downwind of aerosol sources (Nygård et al 2008), most outbreaks reported that exposure of LD cases occurred within 1-2 miles from the cooling tower (García-Fulgueiras et al 2003;Ulleryd et al 2012;Weiss, et al 2017) or wastewater treatment plant (Loenenbach et al 2018;Caicedo et al 2019). The density of wind vectors was calculated in ArcMap, in units of length per unit of area.…”

Section: Analysis Of Spatial Clusteringmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Most outbreaks of LD have been associated with exposure to aerosols from warm water systems in large buildings that house vulnerable populations, such as hospitals and long-term care facilities (Garrison et al 2016). Cooling towers and other aerosol sources also have frequently been associated with large LD outbreaks (van Heijnsbergen et al 2015;Petzold et al 2017;Caicedo et al 2019).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Multiple Sources of the Outbreak of Legionnaires’ Disease in Genesee County, Michigan, in 2014 and 2015

Smith

Huss

Dorevitch

et al. 2019

Environ Health Perspect

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BACKGROUND: A community-wide outbreak of Legionnaires' disease (LD) occurred in Genesee County, Michigan, in 2014 and 2015. Previous reports about the outbreak are conflicting and have associated the outbreak with a change of water source in the city of Flint and, alternatively, to a Flint hospital. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this investigation was to independently identify relevant sources of Legionella pneumophila that likely resulted in the outbreak. METHODS: An independent, retrospective investigation of the outbreak was conducted, making use of public health, health care, and environmental data and whole-genome multilocus sequence typing (wgMLST) of clinical and environmental isolates. RESULTS: Strong evidence was found for a hospital-associated outbreak in both 2014 and 2015: a) 49% of cases had prior exposure to Flint hospital A, significantly higher than expected from Medicare admissions; b) hospital plumbing contained high levels of L. pneumophila; c) Legionella control measures in hospital plumbing aligned with subsidence of hospital A-associated cases; and d) wgMLST showed Legionella isolates from cases exposed to hospital A and from hospital plumbing to be highly similar. Multivariate analysis showed an increased risk of LD in 2014 for people residing in a home that received Flint water or was located in proximity to several Flint cooling towers. DISCUSSION: This is the first LD outbreak in the United States with evidence for three sources (in 2014): a) exposure to hospital A, b) receiving Flint water at home, and c) residential proximity to cooling towers; however, for 2015, evidence points to hospital A only. Each source could be associated with only a proportion of cases. A focus on a single source may have delayed recognition and remediation of other significant sources of L. pneumophila.

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Section: Analysis Of Spatial Clusteringmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multiple Sources of the Outbreak of Legionnaires’ Disease in Genesee County, Michigan, in 2014 and 2015

Smith

Huss

Dorevitch

et al. 2019

Environ Health Perspect

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“…Figure 2f shows the leachates' TDS levels in the two sites compared to the regulatory body maximum limit. Results revealed that the leachates in Elelenwo dumpsites, Rivers State, Nigeria are polluted, and under the current scenario of increasing water sheds pollution (Abbas et al, 2018;Ali et al, 2019;Barbosa Segundo et al, 2019;Camaño Silvestrini et al, 2019;Čelić et al, 2019;Chu et al, 2019;Costa et al, 2019;Fiorentino et al, 2019;Iqbal, 2016;Iqbal et al, 2019;Joshi and Gogate, 2019;Li et al, 2019;Ma et al, 2019;Majdinasab and Yuan, 2019;Nzediegwu et al, 2019;Poblete et al, 2019;Qi et al, 2019;Wang et al, 2019a;Wang et al, 2019b;Yang et al, 2019;Zhang et al, 2019), there is need to monitor water bodies' quality regularly and adopt the efficient methods to treat the wastewater www.bosaljournals/chemint/ editorci@bosaljournals.com (Caicedo et al, 2019;Hernández-Chover et al, 2018;Mohammadzadeh Pakdel and Peighambardoust, 2018;Salgot and Folch, 2018;Yu et al, 2019).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toxicological symptoms and leachates quality in Elelenwo Rivers State, Nigeria

Int¹

2019

Preprint

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The toxicological symptoms prevalent and reported in Elelenwo area were taken into consideration and the leachates quality of its notable dumpsites was investigated for possible links. In situ measurements were made and standard procedures followed for analyses of lead, cadmium and nickel as well as other physicochemical load of the leachates. The results obtained were compared with various guidelines set by some notable regulatory bodies. The outcome showed more than 100 folds toxicity levels above the various benchmarks especially for lead, cadmium and nickel. These dumpsites as a result are environmental hotspots for pollution distribution to nearby surface waters, air and wastewaters bodies as well as the ground water. There is a strong link between reported toxicological symptoms among inhabitants of Elelenwo and Leachates toxicity from these dumpsites and there is emergency need for clean-up action by appropriate authorities.

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“…have been detected at varying concentrations from 4.8 to 5.6 log GU/mL in activated sludge tanks in three WWTPs in Germany (Caicedo et al, 2016). In total, Caicedo et al (2019) have summarized the occurrence of Legionella in several municipal wastewater treatment plants (MWTPs) based on the activated sludge process in France, Norway, USA, China, and other countries (Brissaud et al, 2008;Cai and Zhang, 2013;Kulkarni et al, 2018;Lund et al, 2014).…”

Section: Legionellamentioning

confidence: 99%