Legal Status, Remittances and Socio-Economic Impacts on Rural Household in Bangladesh: An Empirical Study of Bangladeshi Migrants in Italy.

Abstract

Abstract

COVID-19′s impacts on migrant workers from Bangladesh: In search of policy intervention

“…Remittance sent home by migrant workers is one of the main pillars of the economy of Bangladesh, contributing 12% in GDP and generating 9% employment of the total active workforce of Bangladesh ( Ali, 2014 , BMET (Bureau of Manpower, Employment and Training)., 2020 , Karim, 2020 , Mannan and Farhana, 2014 ). Remittance is continuously flowing into the country’s economy every year as can be seen in Fig.…”

“…Currently, there are around 13 million Bangladeshis working abroad ( Karim & Islam, 2020 , MoEWOE (Ministry of Expatriates’ Welfare and Overseas Employment)., 2019 ). These workers make a significant contribution to the development of Bangladesh, as they send approximately USD15 billion as remittance into the country’s economy every year ( BMET (Bureau of Manpower, Employment and Training)., 2020 , Mannan and Farhana, 2014 , Masuduzzaman, 2014 ). This inbound remittance has contributed to the rise in the record forex reserve of the country to USD36.14 billion end of the financial year 2019–2020 ( BB, 2020a ).…”

Bangladeshi Migrants of Italy and Their Precarity

“…The role of the host country in adding to migrant precarity is also noted by Triandafyllidou and Bartolini (2017, p. 7) as they write that "by creating conditions of legal stay and work that are impossible to meet, states indirectly support the interests of unscrupulous employers and create ethnic segmentation and hierarchies in the labour market that are functional to the national economy". Another observation is that Italy's periodic changes in immigration laws and regularization since the mid-1980s keep attracting Bangladeshi migrants even if they have to enter illegally, as there is always the hope of obtaining legal status in future given the past experience (Rahman and Kabir 2012;Mannan and Farhana 2014). As the Bangladeshi community in Italy grows, this expansion itself draws more migrants to the country as social networks abroad, close and broad, increase the probability of the intent to migrate internationally and the existence of networks (Manchin and Orazbayev 2018).…”

Invisible youth mobility: the Bangladesh population in Rome

“…The so-called Turco-Napolitano Law (1998) allowed everyone to enter the country to seek a job even if no relative requests had been made by an employer. On that occasion many Bangladeshi citizens took a step up the career path, so to speak, going from being unregistered dish-washers and street vendors to self-employed small-scale retail entrepreneurs backed by the help, which might now be called crowdfunding, of several individuals and families (Mannan et al, 2014). After about two decades the situation has changed completely: the number of Bangladeshi citizens residing in Italy was approximately 122,000 in 2017; of these, 33,000 live in the metropolitan area of Rome, especially in the Tor Pignattara district and neighbouring areas, which residents and the media call Italy's most populous Banglatown (Pompeo, 2001).…”