Lecithin and Memory Training in Suspected Alzheimer's Disease

Brinkman, Samuel D.; Smith, Robert C.; Meyer, John Stirling; Vroulis, George; Shaw, Terry; Gordon, Jack; Allen, Richard H.

doi:10.1093/geronj/37.1.4

Cited by 45 publications

(5 citation statements)

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“…There is also some evidence that dietary choline can improve some of the motor symptoms of tardive dyskinesia that develop as a side effect of neuroleptic drugs (Davis, Berger, & Hollister, 1975;Gelenberg, Doller-Wojcik, & Growdon, 1979;Growdon, Hirsch, Wurtman, & Weiner, 1977). In contrast, many investigations have found dietary choline to be ineffective (such as Brinkman et al, 1982;Davis et al, 1980;.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nutrients that modify the speed of internal clock and memory storage processes.

Meck¹,

Church²

1987

Behavioral Neuroscience

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Two experiments assessed the effects of nutrients on timing behavior by rats. The nutrients were laced with saccharin and given to rats as a snack before training on a 20-s peak-interval procedure. The primary component of the snacks for four groups of 10 rats was lecithin (phosphatidylcholine), protein (casein), carbohydrate (sucrose), or a nonnutrient (saccharin). The primary measure of behavior was the time of the rat's highest response rate during a trial (peak time), which represented the interval during which the rat maximally expected food. With a lecithin snack, peak time was gradually shifted over sessions to a shorter time, remained shifted to the left of the normal function with additional testing, and then remained at the shorter time on two sessions after the snack was discontinued; with the protein snack, peak time was abruptly shifted to a shorter time, returned to normal with additional testing, and then rebounded to a longer time when the snack was discontinued; with a carbohydrate, snack peak time was abruptly shifted to a longer time, returned to normal with additional testing, and then rebounded to a shorter time when the snack was discontinued. The behavioral patterns produced by the nutrients were interpreted in terms of precursor effects on central neurotransmitter synthesis and release, psychological stages of an information-processing model, and mathematical parameters of a scalar timing theory.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nutrients that modify the speed of internal clock and memory storage processes.

Meck¹,

Church²

1987

Behavioral Neuroscience

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“…Modest improvements were observed compared with placebo in several memory tests (71,73). However, there are studies in which the choline effect on memory was not observed in normal subjects (36,48,89) or in patients with dementias (15,42,147).…”

Section: Choline and Neuronal Function In Adultsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Choline: Critical Role During Fetal Development and Dietary Requirements in Adults

2006

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Choline is an essential nutrient needed for the structural integrity and signaling functions of cell membranes; for normal cholinergic neurotransmission; for normal muscle function; for lipid transport from liver; and it is the major source of methyl groups in the diet. Choline is critical during fetal development, when it influences stem cell proliferation and apoptosis, thereby altering brain and spinal cord structure and function and influencing risk for neural tube defects and lifelong memory function. Choline is derived not only from the diet, but from de novo synthesis as well. Though many foods contain choline, there is at least a twofold variation in dietary intake in humans. When deprived of dietary choline, most men and postmenopausal women developed signs of organ dysfunction (fatty liver or muscle damage), while less than half of premenopausal women developed such signs. Aside from gender differences, there is significant variation in the dietary requirement for choline that can be explained by very common genetic polymorphisms.

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“…The elderly (Cohen et al 1995) or patients with Alzheimer's disease (Nitsch et al 1992) have reduced levels of free choline and PC in the brain. Some (Alvarez et al 1997;Ladd et al 1993;Levy 1982;Little et al 1985;Sitaram et al 1978;Spiers et al 1996) but no all (Brinkman et al 1982;Drachman et al 1982;Fitten et al 1990;Harris et al 1983;Mohs and Davis 1980;Weinstein et al 1991) studies including healthy or demented individuals reported improved performance on memory and learning tasks following supplementation with choline, CDP-choline, or PC. A limited number of individuals (n=9-95) was included in these studies.…”

Section: Choline and The Human Central Nervous System Development Andmentioning

confidence: 99%

Choline and betaine in health and disease

Ueland

2010

J of Inher Metab Disea

471

388

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Choline is an essential nutrient, but is also formed by de novo synthesis. Choline and its derivatives serve as components of structural lipoproteins, blood and membrane lipids, and as a precursor of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. Pre-and postnatal choline availability is important for neurodevelopment in rodents. Choline is oxidized to betaine that serves as an osmoregulator and is a substrate in the betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase reaction, which links choline and betaine to the folate-dependent one-carbon metabolism. Choline and betaine are important sources of one-carbon units, in particular, during folate deficiency. Choline or betaine supplementation in humans reduces concentration of total homocysteine (tHcy), and plasma betaine is a strong predictor of plasma tHcy in individuals with low plasma concentration of folate and other B vitamins (B₂, B₆, and B₁₂) in combination TT genotype of the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase 677 C->T polymorphism. The link to one-carbon metabolism and the recent availability of food composition data have motivated studies on choline and betaine as risk factors of chronic diseases previously studied in relation to folate and homocysteine status. High intake and plasma level of choline in the mother seems to afford reduced risk of neural tube defects. Intake of choline and betaine shows no consistent relation to cancer or cardiovascular risk or risk factors, whereas an unfavorable cardiovascular risk factor profile was associated with high choline and low betaine concentrations in plasma. Thus, choline and betaine showed opposite relations with key components of metabolic syndrome, suggesting a disruption of mitochondrial choline oxidation to betaine as part of the mitochondrial dysfunction in metabolic syndrome.

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Lecithin and Memory Training in Suspected Alzheimer's Disease

Cited by 45 publications

References 0 publications

Nutrients that modify the speed of internal clock and memory storage processes.

Nutrients that modify the speed of internal clock and memory storage processes.

Choline: Critical Role During Fetal Development and Dietary Requirements in Adults

Choline and betaine in health and disease

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