Learning: II. The Factor of the Conditioned Reflex.

Hull, Clark L.

doi:10.1037/11374-009

Cited by 58 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 76 publications

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“…In general, temporal conditioning can be obtained most readily with nonspecific responses, salivation (Pavlov, 1927), EEG arousal (Jasper and Shagass, 1941), galvanic shin response (Lockhart, 1966). Hull (1934) found that regularly repeated shocks yielded temporal conditioning (in humans) of the galvanic response but not finger withdrawal, suggesting that in contrast to “state” measures, discrete muscle responses do not show temporal conditioning.…”

Section: Groves and Thompson Dual Process Theorymentioning

confidence: 94%

Habituation: A history

Thompson

2009

Neurobiology of Learning and Memory

374

280

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Section: Groves and Thompson Dual Process Theorymentioning

confidence: 94%

Habituation: A history

Thompson

2009

Neurobiology of Learning and Memory

374

280

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

“…Alpha conditioning simply strengthens pre-existing reactions -i.e. those in which the CS innately elicits the same response evoked by the US (Hull, 1934 ;Kimble, 1961;Razran, 1971 ;Kandel, 1976).…”

Section: Pavlovian Processes and Imprintingmentioning

confidence: 99%

The evolution of learning

Moore

2004

Biological Reviews

135

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Most processes or forms of learning have been treated almost as special creations, each as an independent process unrelated to others. This review offers an evolutionary cladogram linking nearly one hundred forms of learning and showing the paths through which they evolved. Many processes have multiple forms. There are at least five imprinting processes, eleven varieties of Pavlovian conditioning, ten of instrumental conditioning, and eight forms of mimicry and imitation. Song learning evolved independently in at least six groups of animals, and movement imitation in three (great apes, cetaceans and psittacine birds). The cladogram also involves at least eight new processes: abstract concept formation, percussive mimicry, cross-modal imitation, apo-conditioning, hybrid conditioning, proto-pantomime, prosodic mimicry, and image-mediated learning. At least eight of the processes evolved from more than one source. Multiple sources are of course consistent with modern evolutionary theory, as seen in some obligate symbionts, and gene-swapping organisms. Song learning is believed to have evolved from two processes: auditory imprinting and skill learning. Many single words evolved from three sources: vocal mimicry, discrimination learning, and abstract concept formation.

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“…They both reflect the longheld idea that mere thought may bring about positive physical change. In psychology, contemporaries of Pavlov demonstrated more than 80 years ago that the immune system can be conditioned (see Hull, 1934;Spector, 2011). Pairing a neutral stimulus, such as a scratch on the skin, repeatedly with a substance that causes an increase in white blood cells, such as the injection of bacteria, led to the neutral stimulus by itself eliciting a large increase in white blood cells.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A perception theory in mind–body medicine: guided imagery and mindful meditation as cross-modal adaptation

Bedford

2011

Psychon Bull Rev

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A new theory of mind-body interaction in healing is proposed based on considerations from the field of perception. It is suggested that the combined effect of visual imagery and mindful meditation on physical healing is simply another example of cross-modal adaptation in perception, much like adaptation to prism-displaced vision. It is argued that psychological interventions produce a conflict between the perceptual modalities of the immune system and vision (or touch), which leads to change in the immune system in order to realign the modalities. It is argued that mind-body interactions do not exist because of higher-order cognitive thoughts or beliefs influencing the body, but instead result from ordinary interactions between lower-level perceptual modalities that function to detect when sensory systems have made an error. The theory helps explain why certain illnesses may be more amenable to mind-body interaction, such as autoimmune conditions in which a sensory system (the immune system) has made an error. It also renders sensible erroneous changes, such as those brought about by "faith healers," as conflicts between modalities that are resolved in favor of the wrong modality. The present view provides one of very few psychological theories of how guided imagery and mindfulness meditation bring about positive physical change. Also discussed are issues of self versus non-self, pain, cancer, body schema, attention, consciousness, and, importantly, developing the concept that the immune system is a rightful perceptual modality. Recognizing mind-body healing as perceptual cross-modal adaptation implies that a century of cross-modal perception research is applicable to the immune system.

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Learning: II. The Factor of the Conditioned Reflex.

Cited by 58 publications

References 76 publications

Habituation: A history

Habituation: A history

The evolution of learning

A perception theory in mind–body medicine: guided imagery and mindful meditation as cross-modal adaptation

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