“…However, it should be noted that data collection is not always a simple task, and is highly dependent on the environments and tools that learners are using, and the types of data that result. For example, the data resulting from cMOOC activity is much more difficult to collect, clean, and process than that of its xMOOC counterpart, as cMOOCs often involve numerous social networks and platforms (Gruzd, Haythornthwaite, Paulin, Absar, & Huggett, 2014). This makes improvements via crowdsourcing and algorithmic analyses much more difficult for cMOOCs.…”