Learning across the UK: a review of public health systems and policy approaches to early child development since political devolution

Black, Michelle; Barnes, Amy; Baxter, Susan; Beynon, Claire; Clowes, Mark; Dallat, Mary; Davies, Alisha; Furber, Andrew S; Goyder, Elizabeth; Jeffery, Catherine; Kritsotakis, Evangelos I.; Strong, Mark

doi:10.1093/pubmed/fdz012

Cited by 18 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…Further, communities that have enacted and enforced social distancing measures have shown a decrease in infection rate 3 and impacted than changing landscape of public health death rate. 6 , 7 …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relationship of George Floyd protests to increases in COVID-19 cases using event study methodology

Valentine

2020

Journal of Public Health

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Background Protests ignited by the George Floyd incident were examined for any significant impact on COVID-19 infection rates in select US cities. Methods Eight US cities were studied in which protestors in the tens of thousands were reported. Only cities that reside in states whose stay-at-home orders had been rescinded or expired for a minimum of 30 days were included in the sample to account for impact of growth rates solely due to economies reopening. Event study methodology was used with a 30-day estimation period to examine whether growth in COVID-19 infection rates was significant. Results In the eight cities analyzed, all had positive abnormal growth in infection rate. In six of the eight cities, infection rate growth was positive and significant. Conclusions In this study, it was apparent that violations of Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)-recommended social distancing guidelines caused a significant increase in infection rates. The data suggest that to slow the spread of COVID-19, CDC guidelines must be followed in protest situations.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relationship of George Floyd protests to increases in COVID-19 cases using event study methodology

Valentine

2020

Journal of Public Health

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“…However, this presents a problem because we need to know more about how these elements of socio-economic circumstance affect the associations under study in this review. For example, we know that children from more deprived backgrounds experience poorer health and development than their more affluent peers [ 7 ]. If we are to pragmatically intervene to improve the health and development trajectory of children in more deprived circumstances, and reduce the attainment and health gap, we need to understand exactly how poverty, household circumstances and home environments affect learning and the co-development of education and health.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…All of the countries of the UK provide early childhood programmes, which aim to improve outcomes for children by supporting optimal health and development through access to services such as early education and care, between the ages of 0–4 years or pre-school [ 7 ]. There is evidence that programmes which support child development in readiness for school can improve cognitive and non-cognitive skills [ 8 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relationships between Child Development at School Entry and Adolescent Health—A Participatory Systematic Review

Black

Barnes

Strong

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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The relationship between child development and adolescent health, and how this may be modified by socio-economic conditions, is poorly understood. This limits cross-sector interventions to address adolescent health inequality. This review summarises evidence on the associations between child development at school starting age and subsequent health in adolescence and identifies factors affecting associations. We undertook a participatory systematic review, searching electronic databases (MEDLINE, PsycINFO, ASSIA and ERIC) for articles published between November 1990 and November 2020. Observational, intervention and review studies reporting a measure of child development and subsequent health outcomes, specifically weight and mental health, were included. Studies were individually and collectively assessed for quality using a comparative rating system of stronger, weaker, inconsistent or limited evidence. Associations between child development and adolescent health outcomes were assessed and reported by four domains of child development (socio-emotional, cognitive, language and communication, and physical development). A conceptual diagram, produced with stakeholders at the outset of the study, acted as a framework for narrative synthesis of factors that modify or mediate associations. Thirty-four studies were included. Analysis indicated stronger evidence of associations between measures of socio-emotional development and subsequent mental health and weight outcomes; in particular, positive associations between early externalising behaviours and later internalising and externalising, and negative associations between emotional wellbeing and later internalising and unhealthy weight. For all other domains of child development, although associations with subsequent health were positive, the evidence was either weaker, inconsistent or limited. There was limited evidence on factors that altered associations. Positive socio-emotional development at school starting age appears particularly important for subsequent mental health and weight in adolescence. More collaborative research across health and education is needed on other domains of development and on the mechanisms that link development and later health, and on how any relationship is modified by socio-economic context.

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“…Participatory methods to produce diagrams, maps or models help to uncover theories of change and assumptions underpinning pathways between cause and effect (33). They are increasingly recognised for their potential to make a contribution to systematic review methodology (34) and particularly in the eld of public health (35). Searches MEDLINE, PsycINFO, ASSIA and ERIC will be searched for results from the past twenty years.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of Child Development at Primary School Entry on Adolescent Health – Protocol for a Participatory Systematic Review.

Black

Barnes

Strong

et al. 2020

Preprint

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BackgroundReducing child health inequalities is a global health priority and evidence suggests that optimal development of knowledge, skills and attributes in early childhood could reduce health risks across the life course. Despite a strong policy rhetoric on giving children the ‘best start in life’, socioeconomic inequalities in children’s development when they start school persist. So too do inequalities in child and adolescent health. These in turn influence health inequalities in adulthood. Understanding how developmental processes affect health in the context of socioeconomic factors as children age could inform a holistic policy approach to health and development from childhood through to adolescence. However the relationship between child development and early adolescent health consequences is poorly understood. Therefore the aim of this review is to summarise evidence on the associations between child development at primary school starting age (3-7 years) and subsequent health in adolescence (8 -15 years) and the factors that mediate or moderate this relationship. MethodA participatory systematic review method will be used. The search strategy will include; searches of electronic databases (MEDLINE, PsycINFO, ASSIA and ERIC), grey literature, reference searches and discussions with stakeholders. Articles will be screened using inclusion and exclusion criteria at title and abstract level, and at full article level. Studies reporting a measure of child development at the age of starting school and health outcomes in early adolescence, from a member country of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, will be included. Studies will be assessed for quality using appropriate tools. A conceptual model, produced with stakeholders at the outset of the study, will act as a framework for extracting and analysing evidence. The model will be refined through analysis of the included literature. Narrative synthesis will be used to generate findings and produce a diagram of the relationship between child development and adolescent health. DiscussionThe review will elucidate how children’s development at the age of starting school is related to subsequent health outcomes in contexts of socioeconomic inequality. This will inform ways to intervene to improve health and reduce health inequality in adolescents. The findings will generate knowledge of cross-sector relevance for health and education and promote inter-sectoral coherence in addressing health inequalities throughout childhood. Systematic Review RegistrationThis systematic review protocol has been registered with PROSPERO CRD42020210011.

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Learning across the UK: a review of public health systems and policy approaches to early child development since political devolution

Cited by 18 publications

References 42 publications

Relationship of George Floyd protests to increases in COVID-19 cases using event study methodology

Relationship of George Floyd protests to increases in COVID-19 cases using event study methodology

Relationships between Child Development at School Entry and Adolescent Health—A Participatory Systematic Review

Impact of Child Development at Primary School Entry on Adolescent Health – Protocol for a Participatory Systematic Review.

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