Lead (Pb) legacy from vehicle traffic in eight California urbanized areas: Continuing influence of lead dust on children's health

Source contributions of lead in residential floor dust and within-home variability of dust lead loading

“…Floor entrance (Tong and Lam, 2000) Season (Laxen et al, 1988), (Yiin et al, 2000), (Laidlaw et al, 2005), (Laidlaw and Filippelli, 2008), (Mielke et al, 2010), (Clark et al, 2011), (Dixon et al, 2012) Wet cleaning landing floor (Gaitens et al, 2009) Type of room (Wilson et al, 2007) Wet cleaning freq-room (Yiin et al, 2003), (Bretin, 2006), (Gaitens et al, 2009) Dry cleaning freq-room Dust sample location (U.S. HUD, 2003), (Bretin, 2006), (Wilson et al, 2007) Number of activities at risk (Sanborn et al, 2002), (Schapiro and Bretin, 2006) XRF ext railings (Gibson, 2005) Ext playground soil (Fergusson et al, 1986), (Thornton et al, 1990), (Succop et al, 1998), (Clark et al, 2004), (Dixon et al, 2005b), (Caravanos et al, 2006), (Dixon et al, 2008), (Hunt et al, 2006), (Hunt et al, 2012) Ext playground dust…”

“…DPb-landing (Dixon et al, 2005b) Annual vehicle traffic (Sheets et al, 2001), (Mielke et al, 2010), (Mielke et al, 2011) Surrounding demolition (Farfel et al, 2003), (Farfel et al, 2005), (Rabito et al, 2007), (Dixon et al, 2012) Leisure freq (Hozhabri et al, 2004), (Schapiro and Bretin, 2006) Ext work (Rabinowitz et al, 1985), (U.S. EPA, 2000), (Reissman et al, 2002), (Dixon et al, 2005a), (Clark et al, 2011), (Dixon et al, 2012) Int work…”

Use of simulated epithelial lung fluid in assessing the human health risk of Pb in urban street dust

“…Whilst there are strict regulations in many developed countries on the use and release of lead into the environment, particularly, on the former use of lead in petrol as an anti-knock additive (Kaysi et al, 2000;Kummer et al, 2009), this is not the case with most developing countries where leaded petrol is still in use (Gwilliam, 2003). Over the years the emphasis has been on leaded fuel (Oudijk, 2010;Nriagu et al, 1996;Romieu et al, 1992), but there are many other activities that release Pb into the environment particularly in the urban/industrial setting: activities such as metal mining, smelting and processing, the use of Pb in lead-acid batteries, pigments, alloys, lead wool, chemical manufacturing, cables, solders, plumbing components, food cans, coal combustion, lead based paint (including that in road markings), and industrial waste (Ajmore-Marsan and Biasioli, 2010;Brown and Longoria, 2010;De Silva et al, 2016;Laidlaw and Taylor, 2011;Mielke et al, 2010;Shen et al, 2002). Studies have shown that the Pb retained in soil/dust because of anthropogenic activity typically occurs in highly bioavailable, exchangeable and carbonate forms, whereas, Pb retained because of natural occurrence is often found in residual or lessbioavailable forms (Chlopecka et al, 1997;Cox et al, 2013;Palumbo-Roe et al, 2013;Pelfrêne et al, 2012;Laidlaw and Filippelli, 2008;Reis et al, 2014;Ruby et al, 1994).…”

“…Mielke et al, 2001;Mielke et al, 2010;Mielke et al, 2011;Taylor et al, 2013;Taylor et al, 2014). A survey (Thornton et al, 1990) of metals in UK dusts has shown that most of the dusts collected from urban environments had widespread Pb contamination ranging from 172 to 9600 mg/kg; other studies have reported (Wang et al, 2006) that for example in China, 80% of children exposed to urban dust had an excessive blood lead level.…”

Potentially Harmful Elements in Urban Soils

“…So far, much attention has been given especially to Pb, which remains one of the major public health problems in the United States (Todd et al 1996). As reported by Mielke et al (2010) in a study on the Pb legacy from vehicle traffic in Californian urban areas, about 5.4 million tons of Pb additives were used in the USA in the period between 1927 and 1994. Another important source of soil pollution in urban areas is the Pb-based painting, which can substantially contribute to the overall Pb dust emissions, e.g.…”