Lead-Free Perovskite Nanowire Array Photodetectors with Drastically Improved Stability in Nanoengineering Templates

Abstract

Organometal halide perovskite materials have triggered enormous attention for a wide range of high-performance optoelectronic devices. However, their stability and toxicity are major bottleneck challenges for practical applications. Substituting toxic heavy metal, that is, lead (Pb), with other environmentally benign elements, for example, tin (Sn), could be a potential solution to address the toxicity issue. Nevertheless, even worse stability of Sn-based perovskite material than Pb-based perovskite poses a great challenge for further device fabrication. In this work, for the first time, three-dimensional CHNHSnI perovskite nanowire arrays were fabricated in nanoengineering templates, which can address nanowire integration and stability issues at the same time. Also, nanowire photodetectors have been fabricated and characterized. Intriguingly, it was discovered that as the nanowires are embedded in mechanically and chemically robust templates, the material decay process has been dramatically slowed down by up to 840 times, as compared with a planar thin film. This significant improvement on stability can be attributed to the effective blockage of diffusion of water and oxygen molecules within the templates. These results clearly demonstrate a new and alternative strategy to address the stability issue of perovskite materials, which is the major roadblock for high-performance optoelectronics.

Sn‐Based Perovskite for Highly Sensitive Photodetectors

“…[22] Although much higher responsivity and gain can be achieved in PDs by introducing heterostructures in the devices, [22][23][24][25] the additional processing steps and materials involved in the devices may complicate the fabrication procedure and increase the cost. [27][28][29][30][31] For instance, Waleed et al fabricated a MASnI 3 nanowire-array PD by using a vapor phase chemical reaction method with porous alumina template, exhibiting a responsivity and detectivity of only 0.47 A W −1 and 8.80 × 10 10 Jones, respectively. [26] In light of this, some works have been done on lead-free perovskite-based PDs, yet satisfactory results are still lacking.…”

Lead-free hybrid perovskites for photovoltaics

“…An elegant way of simultaneously ordering MASnI 3 deposits and protecting them from exposure to air/moisture was suggested via the growth of HP nanowires in the pores of anodized alumina membranes [122]. The effective blockage of the diffusion of water and oxygen molecules to the alumina-incorporated MASnI 3 nanowires resulted in a three order of magnitude slower degradation of this material as compared to planar films of the same composition [122].…”

“…The effective blockage of the diffusion of water and oxygen molecules to the alumina-incorporated MASnI 3 nanowires resulted in a three order of magnitude slower degradation of this material as compared to planar films of the same composition [122]. …”

Chip‐Scale Fabrication of Uniform Lead Halide Perovskites Microlaser Array and Photodetector Array

“…[24][25][26] Associated with the developments of isolated devices, lead halide perovskites devices arrays have attracted considerable research attention due to their potential applications in coherent light arrays, charge-coupled device (CCD) arrays, and integrated optoelectronic circuits. [27][28][29][30] Basically, the technologies for perovskite arrays can be categorized into two groups: those that split the stock solutions by patterning the substrate or by covering it with a periodic slide. [31,32] In 2015, Wang et al have fabricated perovskite microplate arrays by patterning the substrate with photolithography and an etching process.…”