Lead‐dependent effects on arachidonic acid accumulation and the proliferation of vascular smooth muscle

Abstract

Lead (Pb(2+)) has been implicated in the development of hypertension and atherosclerosis. The proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) is a central feature of both conditions and there is evidence that Pb(2+) potentiates serum-dependent cell growth. The aim of this work was to examine the role of phospholipase A(2) in mitogen-dependent VSMC proliferation and determine if Pb(2+) interacts with this system in order to potentiate mitotic events. It was observed that cell proliferation induced by angiotensin II, or fetal bovine serum, required the activation of a Ca(2+)-dependent cytosolic phospholipase A(2) and the subsequent release of unesterified arachidonic acid. This path was affected by Pb(2+) as the metal increased the amount of arachidonic acid accumulation induced by either mitogen. In addition, Pb(2+) potentiated mitogen-induced DNA synthesis when present at lower doses (0.02 or 0.2 mg%), but had no effect on DNA synthesis, or cell numbers, in unstimulated cells. However, a high dose (2 mg%) of Pb(2+) attenuated the DNA synthesis stimulated by angiotensin II, or serum, but induced the accumulation of unesterified arachidonic acid in unstimulated cells. A biphasic effect of Pb(2+) on cell numbers and viability was also observed as 0.02 or 0.2 mg% Pb(2+) did not affect cell numbers or trypan blue exclusion in unstimulated cells, while 2 mg% Pb(2+) reduced cell numbers and viability. It appeared, therefore, that the lower concentrations of Pb(2+) increased arachidonic acid release and DNA synthesis only in stimulated VSMC, perhaps due to further activation of a Ca(2+)-dependent processes. In contrast, the high dose of Pb(2+) reduced DNA synthesis in stimulated cells and reduced cell numbers and viability in unstimulated cells, which may relate to the noted increase in unesterified arachidonic acid.

Perfluorooctane Sulfonamide-Mediated Modulation of Hepatocellular Lipid Homeostasis and Oxidative Stress Responses in Atlantic Salmon Hepatocytes

“…In a broader toxicological, physiological, and general health context, our findings are relevant and in accordance with previous studies reporting several effects of organic and inorganic contaminants on lipid and FA homeostasis, particularly in ARA, in several species, including humans. − Given that ARA released from phospholipids are transformed to a variety of eicosanoids such as prostaglandins, which are involved in steroidogenesis through the cyclooxygenase and lipooxygenase pathways, these effects may produce deleterious physiological consequences. The reason for this is that prostaglandin synthesis is not only affected by enzymes such as phospholipase, cyclooxygenase, and lipooxygenase but also by the ARA content of phospholipids .…”

Real-time Assay of Toxic Lead in In Vivo Living Plant Tissue

“…Lead exposure can cause encephalopathy, kidney damage (2), brain and lung cancers (3), can be found in foods and drinks or environmental water source (2), and induce mutations (4). Lead analysis is particularly important in the biological matrix and clinical treatments not only in human erythrocytes and lymphocyte membranes (5), serum (6), blood, DNA (7), but also play a role in the violent behavior of young children (8), because lead is strongly toxic and poisonous. Lead is also present in vegetables (9), ground water, soil (10), food, atmospheric air (11), plants (12), and so on.…”