PbSO
4
is
a key component in the charging and discharging
of lead acid batteries—such as the cycling of automotive batteries.
PbSO
4
is a poor conductor that forms on the positive and
negative electrodes during discharging and dissolves during charging
of a lead acid battery. Over time, buildup of PbSO
4
occurs
on the electrodes, ultimately reducing the efficiency of the battery.
This study aims to determine the nucleation and growth mechanisms
of PbSO
4
nanoparticles in various solutions to potentially
reduce or control the buildup of PbSO
4
on battery electrodes
over time. The time dependency of particle morphology was observed
using various reaction conditions. PbSO
4
particles were
created using premixed solutions at various times of reaction. H
2
O, acetone, methanol, ethanol, and isopropanol were used to
stop the reaction and development of the PbSO
4
particles.
The structure of the nanoparticles was characterized via transmission
electron microscopy, high-angle annular dark field scanning transmission
electron microscopy, and selected area electron diffraction. This
study provides insight into the mechanism by which PbSO
4
nanoparticles form in various solutions and reveals that the degree
of complexity of the solution plays a large role in the nucleation
and growth of the PbSO
4
nanoparticles. This insight can
provide avenues to reduce unwanted buildup of PbSO
4
on
battery electrodes over time, which can extend battery life and performance.