Effects of micro-alloying with lead for battery grid material

Wall, Michael T.; Ren, Yang; Hesterberg, Travis; Ellis, Tim; Young, Marcus L.

doi:10.1016/j.est.2022.105569

Cited by 5 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…What is more, the best strengthening results are obtained with alloys of higher selenium and arsenic contents. As known, these additional alloying elements produce a fine and homogenize distribution of precipitates [27]. The smaller grains have the larger area of grain boundaries that inhibit dislocation motion.…”

Section: Eejp 4 (2023)mentioning

confidence: 95%

“…Using alloying elements, the antimony content of grid alloys can be reduced to the level that the drawbacks of low antimony are almost eliminated, but the positive effects are mainly retained [15][16][17][18][19][20]. Nowadays the grids for lead-acid batteries are made from lead antimony alloys together with minor additions of elements such as Sn, As, and Se [21][22][23][24][25][26][27]. These are added to confer properties such as grain refinement, castability and performance characteristics to the grids.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, small amounts of arsenic and selenium retain beneficial characteristics of high-antimony alloys, such as the precipitation hardening effect, increasing supersaturation of antimony in lead when its concentration is relatively low (<2 wt.%). Additional alloying elements typically produce a fine and homogenize distribution of precipitation [27]. But only when the alloys are heat treated the alloys strengthen on aging due to formation of metastable arsenic-or selenium-bearing nuclei which facilitate the antimony precipitation process [30][31][32].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evolution of Mechanical Properties of Pb–Sb–Sn–As–Se Grid Alloys for Lead-Acid Batteries During Natural Aging

Dzenzerskiy,

Tarasov,

Sukhova

et al. 2023

East Eur. J. Phys.

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This study is devoted to the investigation of mechanical properties of a series of low-antimony Pb–Sb–Sn–As–Se grid alloys for lead-acid batteries in as-cast condition and after natural aging during storage. Mechanical properties were characterized by ultimate tensile strength, yield strength, elongation, and Young's modulus determined at room temperature using TIRAtest 2300 and P-0.5 universal testing machines. For most investigated as-cast alloys, an increase in ultimate tensile strength is accompanied by an increase in elongation. Within the temperature range between 70 ºС and 150 ºС, higher heating temperature of a casing mold does not markedly affect average elongation but causes the slight decrease (by ~4 %) in average ultimate tensile strength. When aged during storage for 30–33 days, the Pb–Sb–Sn–As–Se grid alloys, attain higher values of ultimate tensile strength, yield strength, and Young's modulus but lower values of elongation. This is due to precipitation of second-phase particles from lead-based solid solution oversaturated by antimony, arsenic, and selenium. The most noticeable effect of strengthening is observed during first five days of natural aging.

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Section: Eejp 4 (2023)mentioning

confidence: 95%