Le recours à l’AMP dans les familles homoparentales : état des lieux. Résultats d’une enquête menée en 2012

Licence required: French lesbian parents confront the obligation to marry in order to establish kinship

“…One-third come from the Ile-de-France region, around and including Paris. Despite this geographic range, based on other studies of LGBT parenting in France (Gross 2011(Gross , 2012(Gross , 2015(Gross , 2017Gross et al 2014a), as well as on population estimates from other countries, such as the United States (Gates 2011a(Gates , 2011bGates and Ost 2004;Goldberg et al 2014), we suspect our sample may be biased in several ways. First, in terms of gender, of the 162 responses, only 16 were gay male couples (four of whom were also in the interviewed sub-sample).…”

“…Despite their investment as parents being on a par with that of their partners, nonstatutory parents are often in precarious legal circumstances. Consequently, establishing solid legal ties between the non-statutory parent and their children is a major concern for those who do not live in jurisdictions such as Québec, where both parents in a same-sex couple can be automatically recognised as such on the child's birth certificate (Borrillo 2015;Descoutures 2010;Gartrell et al 1996;Gross et al 2014a;Malmquist 2015;Manning et al 2014;Moore and Stambolis-Ruhstorfer 2013). To overcome the vulnerability associated with their situation (Federle 2005;Malmquist and Zetterqvist 2013), in locations where it is allowed, the nonstatutory parent can use second-parent adoption, which generally gives the full benefits of legal parenthood.…”

“…Same-sex couples have used "simple adoption" (adoption simple), in which a person over the age of 18 can be adopted for inheritance purposes, as well as delegation of parental authority -where a parent temporarily delegates a part of his or her decision-making power over their child to someone else -but both are legally fragile and have limited consequences in terms of parenting rights. Finally, (Gross et al 2014a). Table 1 summarises the French legal situation before and after passage of the 2013 marriage law.…”

Conception narratives and third party reproduction in lesbian‐parented families in France

“…In this legal and social context, studies conducted in France over the past few years concerning lesbian mothers and gay fathers reveal an increasing trend in female couples using MAP and in male couples using surrogacy with the aim of same-sex parenting Gross, Courduriès and de Federico (2014a). MAP is the procedure most frequently chosen by lesbian mothers, but not all mothers have access to it.…”

“…This man is someone within their social circle or a man recruited for this reason who agrees to donate his sperm with no paternal implication. In a study conducted in France in 2012 concerning 409 lesbian mothers, 14 per cent used a known donor (Gross, Courduriès and de Federico 2014a).…”