Layered SnS₂‐Reduced Graphene Oxide Composite – A High‐Capacity, High‐Rate, and Long‐Cycle Life Sodium‐Ion Battery Anode Material

Abstract

the LIBs. Considerable improvements in the design and optimization of anode composition and structure are still required.This note reports our design and implementation of a SnS 2based nanocomposite anode for the NIBs. SnS 2 has a CdI 2 -type of layered structure (a = 0.3648 nm, c = 0.5899 nm, space group P3m1) consisting of a layer of tin atoms sandwiched between two layers of hexagonally close packed sulfur atoms. This layered structure with a large interlayer spacing (c = 0.5899 nm) should easy the insertion and extraction of guest species and adapt more easily to the volume changes in the host during cycling. This has been confi rmed by the performance of SnS 2 as a reversible lithium storage host in several studies. [ 17 ] The electrochemical properties of layered sulfi des (SnS 2 , MoS 2 , WS 2 ) were further improved by integration with graphene. The structural compatibility between the two layered compounds and the good electronic properties of graphene led to very stable composites (i.e. long cycle-life) with high reversible capacity and good rate performance in LIB applications. [ 18 ] The SnS 2 layer structure should also be viable for reversible Na + storage since, in comparison with tin and other tin-based materials, it has the largest buffer for the volume changes in Na-Sn reactions. The LIB developmental efforts also suggest layer-structured SnS 2reduced graphene oxide (SnS 2 -RGO) nanocomposites as an improved version of the SnS 2 anode.The design of the SnS 2 -RGO hybrid structure for reversible storage of Na + was based on the following materials principles: 1) a large interlayer spacing in the SnS 2 structure benefi ting Na + intercalation and diffusion, and more buffering space for benefi cial adjustment the volume changes in the host during cycling; 2) fast collection and conduction of electrons through a highly conductive RGO network; and 3) inhibition of Sn (Na x Sn) aggregation during cycling by RGO after material hybridization. The experimental results validated the expectations: the SnS 2 -RGO anode delivered a high charge (desodiation) specifi c capacity of 630 mAh g −1 at 0.2 A g −1 , and more impressively, 544 mAh g −1 after a ten-fold increase in current density to 2 A g −1 . The electrode was also very stable to cycling; providing a nearly unvarying capacity of 500 mAh g −1 at 1 A g −1 even after 400 charge-discharge cycles.The SnS 2 -RGO nanocomposite was produced by a facile hydrothermal route from a mixture of tin (IV) chloride, thioacetamide (TAA) and graphene oxide (GO) (details in the Experimental Section). In the comparison of the X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of the SnS 2 -RGO composite, SnS 2 and GO in Figure 1 a, GO only displayed a single diffraction peak at 10.9° from the (002) planes. [ 19 ] The powder XRD patterns of SnS 2 and The idea of sodium-ion batteries (NIBs) as a substitute of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) for grid-scale energy storage was initially driven by cost considerations. [ 1 ] Research in the last several years has shown that NIBs are not necessar...

BilayerSnS2: Tunable stacking sequence by charging and loading pressure

“…For example, a few nanometers thick hexagonal SnS 2 was used for lithium storage in battery applications [35][36][37][38]. To enhance the electrochemical performance, composite forms of SnS 2 with graphene were examined [39][40][41][42][43]. Single-and few-layer SnS 2 were also used to fabricate a field effect transistor [44][45][46].…”

Pure Single‐Crystalline Na1.1V3O7.9 Nanobelts as Superior Cathode Materials for Rechargeable Sodium‐Ion Batteries

“…Following the great success in the field of portable electronics, rechargeable lithium‐ion batteries have risen to prominence as the key energy storage technology for electric vehicle propulsion and in parallel are starting to be evaluated for stationary applications 1. However, we shall always be prepared for the exhaustion of limited and unevenly distributed Li resources in the Earth's crust.…”

Na+ intercalation pseudocapacitance in graphene-coupled titanium oxide enabling ultra-fast sodium storage and long-term cycling

“…Co-intercalation between graphite and diglymebased electrolyte could also achieve a relatively high capacity of B90 mA h g À 1 and long cycle life 15 . Recent findings have shown that the anode materials for SIBs based on alloy-type (for example, metallic and intermetallic materials [16][17][18][19] ) and conversion-type (for example, sulfides [20][21][22][23] ) exhibited high initial capacity, but suffered from poor cyclability most likely due to the large volume change and the sluggish kinetics. In addition, organic anode materials (for example, Na 2 C 8 H 4 O 4 ) and carboxylate-based materials have been investigated as anode materials for SIBs 24,25 , but the electronic conductivity and cyclability still remain the significant challenge.…”