Layered 2D alkyldiammonium lead iodide perovskites: synthesis, characterization, and use in solar cells

Abstract

The synthetic route and properties of three 2D hybrid organic/inorganic lead iodide perovskite materials are reported. The 2D perovskites were synthesized from the reaction between PbI 2 and the di-cations of 1,4diaminobutane, 1,6-diaminohexane, and 1,8-diaminooctane. The resulting products were [NH 3 (CH 2 ) 4 NH 3 ] PbI 4 (BdAPbI 4 ), [NH 3 (CH 2 ) 6 NH 3 ]PbI 4 (HdAPbI 4 ), and [NH 3 (CH 2 ) 8 NH 3 ]PbI 4 (OdAPbI 4 ). Structural characterization shows that two dimensional perovskite structures were formed with inorganic structural planes separated by organic layers. Absorption spectra show band gaps of 2.37 eV (BdAPbI 4 ), 2.44 eV (HdAPbI 4 ), and 2.55 eV (OdAPbI 4 ). The 2D perovskite materials were investigated as light absorbing materials in solid state solar cells.The best performing material under moist, ambient conditions was BdAPbI 4 (1.08% efficiency), which was comparable to methylammonium Pb(II) iodide (MAPbI 3 ) solar cells (2.1% efficiency) manufactured and studied under analogous conditions. When compared to MAPbI 3 , the 2D materials have larger band gaps and lower photoconductivity, while BdAPbI 4 based solar cells shows a comparable absorbed photon-to-current efficiency as compared to MAPbI 3 based ones. † Electronic supplementary information (ESI) available: Tables S1-S4 including atomic parameters of the structure of the three new materials, Fig. S1 and S2, two 2D structures of butyl 1,4-diammonium lead iodide and octyl 1,8-diammonium lead iodide along the three crystallographic axes. Tables S5-S11 and Fig. S3-S9 describe structural and photochemical characterization. CIF les for the structures are available at the Cambridge Crystallographic Data Center (CCDC) referring to the deposition numbers 1420433 and 1420434 for HdAPbI 4 and OdAPbI 4 , respectively. See

Grain Size Modulation and Interfacial Engineering of CH3NH3PbBr3 Emitter Films through Incorporation of Tetraethylammonium Bromide

“…This suggests the co‐existence of two separate phases in the resulting film; in line with reports of lower dimensional perovskites forming on introduction of bulkier cation groups . It is interesting to note that although the passivating properties of similar chemicals have been reported for the iodide and bromide systems, neither highlighted the presence of reflection below 2 θ =10°, indicative of a lower dimensional phase . The increasing ratio of peak intensities between peak positions 9.62° and 14.94° with higher TEABr concentration translates to the increasing proportion of this secondary phase in the film.…”

“…[28,29] It is interesting to note that although the passivating properties of similarc hemi-cals have been reportedf or the iodide [18] and bromide [30] systems, neither highlighted the presence of reflection below 2 q = 108,i ndicative of al ower dimensionalp hase. [31] The increasingr atio of peak intensitiesb etween peak positions 9.628 and 14.948 with higher TEABr concentrationt ranslates to the increasing proportion of this secondary phasei nt he film. Analysis of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)s pectra ( Figure S1 in the Supporting Information) acquired for the reference and 10 mg mL À1 TEABr-treated films revealed presence of characteristic TEABr peaks in the latter,p roviding further evidence of its incorporation during the postdeposition treatment.…”

Two‐Dimensional Halide Perovskites in Solar Cells: 2D or not 2D?

“…Although PEA and BA have been, by far, the most used cations, there are other organic cations that were incorporated into a 2D perovskite and subsequently into a solar cell . Figure shows a compilation of the structures of those cations used in 2D PSCs (See also Table S1 for further details).…”

Low‐Dimensional Organic–Inorganic Halide Perovskite: Structure, Properties, and Applications

“…Here, the implementation of low‐dimensional halide perovskite in solar cells will be discussed. Low‐dimensional perovskite has been implanted in several solar‐cell structures, including planar TiO 2 , mesoporous TiO 2 , and TiO 2 nanorods . Low‐dimensional perovskite solar cells exhibit better moisture resistance than their 3 D counterparts.…”