Layer rotation around vertical fault overlap zones: observations from seismic data, field examples, and physical experiments

Rykkelid, Erling; Fossen, Haakon

doi:10.1016/s0264-8172(02)00007-7

Cited by 82 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Growth by linkage is evident from experimental and field studies alike, and occurs in the vertical as well as the horizontal direction (Mansfield & Cartwright, 2001;Rykkelid & Fossen, 2002;Scholtz, Dawers, Yu, & Anders, 1993;Trudgill & Cartwright, 1994). The fault bends (such as those encircled in Fig.…”

Section: Fault Segmentationmentioning

confidence: 92%

Structural geology of the Huldra Field, northern North Sea—a major tilted fault block at the eastern edge of the Horda Platform

Fossen

Hesthammer

Johansen

et al. 2003

Marine and Petroleum Geology

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The Huldra fault block is a rotated major fault block on the east margin of the Viking Graben in the northern North Sea. Unlike the rest of the Horda Platform area, the Jurassic section in the Huldra fault block was rotated more than 208 during slip on the listric Huldra fault, which forms a low-angle detachment beneath the Huldra fault block. The fault block is interpreted as resulting from marginal collapse of the Horda Platform after relief along the eastern margin of the Viking Graben built up in early parts of the middle to late Jurassic rifting history. The collapse resulted in NW directed transport of the Huldra fault block, consistent with a previously postulated change in extension direction from W -E to NW-SE toward the end of the Jurassic period. Minor faults within the Hulrda fault block are consistent with E -W extension and thus may have formed early during the late Jurassic rifting phase. Nevertheless, the crest (Huldra Field) seems surprisingly intact, considering its proximity to a major fault zone. Deformation bands studied from core material are non-cataclastic and concentrated in zones. Evidence for smearing along a cored fault surface indicates that minor subseismic faults may be sealing. Production data from the field indicate good communication between most wells, suggesting that the subseismic faults and deformation band zones that are present in the reservoir have relatively small influence on the flow of gas in the reservoir. q

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Section: Fault Segmentationmentioning

confidence: 92%

Structural geology of the Huldra Field, northern North Sea—a major tilted fault block at the eastern edge of the Horda Platform

Fossen

Hesthammer

Johansen

et al. 2003

Marine and Petroleum Geology

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“…13), suggesting that damage zones are still active during localized fault slip (Shipton & Cowie 2003). This may be caused by fault locking as a result of non-planar or interfering slip surfaces (Rykkelid & Fossen 2002). Therefore, structural elements in damage zones around deformation band faults may be both remnants from the pre-faulting stage as well as syn-faulting damage (Schultz & Siddharthan 2005).…”

Section: The Connection Between Deformation Bands Faults and Damage mentioning

confidence: 99%

Deformation bands in sandstone: a review

Fossen

Schultz

Shipton

et al. 2007

JGS

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596

344

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Deformation bands are the most common strain localization feature found in deformed porous sandstones and sediments, including Quaternary deposits, soft gravity slides and tectonically affected sandstones in hydrocarbon reservoirs and aquifers. They occur as various types of tabular deformation zones where grain reorganization occurs by grain sliding, rotation and/or fracture during overall dilation, shearing, and/or compaction. Deformation bands with a component of shear are most common and typically accommodate shear offsets of millimetres to centimetres. They can occur as single structures or cluster zones, and are the main deformation element of fault damage zones in porous rocks. Factors such as porosity, mineralogy, grain size and shape, lithification, state of stress and burial depth control the type of deformation band formed. Of the different types, phyllosilicate bands and most notably cataclastic deformation bands show the largest reduction in permeability, and thus have the greatest potential to influence fluid flow. Disaggregation bands, where non-cataclastic, granular flow is the dominant mechanism, show little influence on fluid flow unless assisted by chemical compaction or cementation.

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“…Well coring and logging data show that the width of damage zone on the side of fault core is less than 15 m in general (Fig. 15), so the distance from well to fault should be larger than 15 m. The other issue is that safe remaining oil production at fault edges ignores an important geologic phenomenon-vertically segmented growth of faults (Rykkelid and Fossen 2002;Sperrevik et al 2000;Faerseth 2006). So a fault that is traditionally interpreted as a single through-going fault may be composed of two vertically en echelon overlying faults, and the separation between en echelon overlying faults has to be considered (Fig.…”

Section: Prediction Of Distribution and Potential Tapping Methods Of mentioning

confidence: 99%

Characteristics of fault zones and their control on remaining oil distribution at the fault edge: a case study from the northern Xingshugang Anticline in the Daqing Oilfield, China

Xiao

Meng

et al. 2016

Pet. Sci.

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Most major oil zones in the Daqing Oilfield have reached a later, high water cut stage, but oil recovery is still only approximately 35 %, and 50 % of reserves remain to be recovered. The remaining oil is primarily distributed at the edge of faults, in poor sand bodies, and in insufficiently injected and produced areas. Therefore, the edge of faults is a major target for remaining oil enrichment and potential tapping. Based on the dynamic change of production from development wells determined by the injection-recovery relationship at the edge of faults, we analyzed the control of structural features of faults on remaining oil enrichment at the edge. Our results show that the macroscopic structural features and their geometric relationship with sand bodies controlled remaining oil enrichment zones like the edges of NNE-striking faults, the footwalls of antithetic faults, the hard linkage segments (two faults had linked together with each other to form a bigger through-going fault), the tips of faults, and the oblique anticlines of soft linkages. Fault edges formed two types of forward microamplitude structures: (1) the tilted uplift of footwalls controlled by inverse fault sections and (2) the hanging-wall horizontal anticlines controlled by synthetic fault points. The remaining oil distribution was controlled by microamplitude structures. Consequently, such zones as the tilted uplift of the footwall of the NNW-striking antithetic faults with a fault throw larger than 40 m, the hard linkage segments, the tips of faults, and the oblique anticlines of soft linkage were favorable for tapping the remaining oil potential. Multi-target directional drilling was used for remaining oil development at fault edges. Reasonable fault spacing was determined on the basis of fault combinations and width of the shattered zone. Well core and log data revealed that the width of the shattered zone on the side of the fault core was less than 15 m in general; therefore, the distance from a fault to the development target should be larger than 15 m. Vertically segmented growth faults should take the separation of the lateral overlap of faults into account. Therefore, the safe distance of remaining oil well deployment at the fault edge should be larger than the sum of the width of shattered zone in faults and the separation of growth faults by vertical segmentation.

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Layer rotation around vertical fault overlap zones: observations from seismic data, field examples, and physical experiments

Cited by 82 publications

References 20 publications

Structural geology of the Huldra Field, northern North Sea—a major tilted fault block at the eastern edge of the Horda Platform

Structural geology of the Huldra Field, northern North Sea—a major tilted fault block at the eastern edge of the Horda Platform

Deformation bands in sandstone: a review

Characteristics of fault zones and their control on remaining oil distribution at the fault edge: a case study from the northern Xingshugang Anticline in the Daqing Oilfield, China

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