“…6,7 Conventionally, different amines, organometallic catalysts, Lewis acids, such as, TiCl 4 , ZnCl 2 , and Al 2 O 3 , ionic liquids, and amino acids have been efficiently utilized as homogeneous catalysts for Knoevenagel condensation. [7][8][9] Due to the difficulty in recycling and harsh reaction conditions for homogeneous catalysts, heterogeneous catalysts, such as incorporating zeolites, 10,11 metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), 12,13 ionic liquids, hetero-poly acids, 14 functionalized mesoporous silica, 15 and carbon-based materials, 16,17 have been developed for Knoevenagel condensation. Thorpe-Ziegler cyclization is an intramolecular cyclization of aliphatic carbonitriles into amines, and is useful in synthesizing bioactive heterocycles.…”