Layer-by-layer decorated herbal cell compatible scaffolds for bone tissue engineering: A synergistic effect of graphene oxide andCissus quadrangularis

Abstract

Among various bone regenerative and repair methods, use of osteoinductive scaffold as bone grafts/substitute has gained wide importance worldwide. To develop such osteoinductive scaffold that is more natural and which spontaneously stimulates osteoblast formation without any differentiation media, we prepared electrospun poly ε-caprolactone scaffold which is further modified by means of layer-by-layer method using Cissus quadrangularis callus culture extract and graphene oxide (PCL-GO-CQ). The modified PCL-GO-CQ scaffold was compared with plain poly ε-caprolactone scaffold and poly ε-caprolactone coated only with graphene oxide. Physical properties, such as roughness, wettability, yield strength and tensile strength, of PCL-GO-CQ scaffold were found to be superior. Also, PCL-GO-CQ scaffold showed more in vitro cell compatibility with enhanced cellular proliferation on its surface. Presence of graphene oxide and Cissus quadrangularis callus in scaffold helped in the differentiation of human umbilical cord Wharton’s jelly-derived mesenchymal stem cells into osteogenic lineage without any differentiation media in less than 20 days. The synergistic effect of Cissus quadrangularis callus extract and graphene oxide in PCL-GO-CQ scaffold enhanced osteoblastic differentiation, osteoconduction and osteoinduction potential of scaffolds making them highly potential in bone regeneration and bone tissue engineering applications.

Biomimetic Polycaprolactone‐Graphene Oxide Composites for 3D Printing Bone Scaffolds

“…[17] Moreover, many researchers showed the positive role of graphite derivatives on the bioactivity, biocompatibility, and biodegradability of PCL-based scaffolds. [18,19] For instance, Wang et.al fabricated PCL/graphene (G) composites scaffolds and characterized them. [20] The study demonstrated that the PCL/G scaffolds cause an appropriate level of an immune response, indicating a high potential for in vivo applications.…”

Recent Progress of Electrospun Herbal Medicine Nanofibers

“…Due to its high calcium and phosphorus content, CQ stimulates metabolism and increases the absorption of minerals. Therefore, it promotes the proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow-derived MSCs (mesenchymal stem cells) [195]. Other researchers are also looking for new solutions from more herbal medicines, such as Plastrum Testudinis [185] for the treatment of disc inflammation, Elaeagnus angustifolia (EA) [52] for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis, Clove [109] and Ziziphus jujuba [21] for the treatment of periodontal disease, and Amla oil [56] with rich antioxidant and mineral components.…”

Graphene Oxide Nanostructures as Nanoplatforms for Delivering Natural Therapeutic Agents: Applications in Cancer Treatment, Bacterial Infections, and Bone Regeneration Medicine

“…Through the provision of new replacements with advantageous multifunctional properties, this creative technique shows potential for enhancing bone tissue engineering. An osteoinductive scaffold designed by Kashte et al [188] used a naturally occurring bioactive substance to stimulate the production of osteoblasts. PCL-GO-CQ is the outcome of the layer-by-layer construction of this scaffold utilizing electrospun PCL, Cissus quadrangularis extract, and GO.…”